Fin 415 Coca-Cola Risk Management - 2525 Words

Coca-Cola Risk Management Plan Proposal Fin/415 Coca-Cola Risk Management Plan Proposal The final project for team B focuses on a risk management plan for the Coca-Cola Company. The Coca-Cola Company took shape in 1886 and remains an international leader in beverage manufacturing and distribution with the company’s background beginning this plan proposal. Risk identification plays a major role in Coke’s continued success with an explanation of the importance of correct identification as well as a list of risks facing the company continuing this summary. A discussion follows regarding the importance of accurate and balanced methods of risks measurement and continues into risk management techniques that include auditing and hedging.†¦show more content†¦6). Other risk factors identified include obesity concerns primarily in the United States, which may reduce the demand for some products. Water scarcity and poor quality could negatively affect Coca-Cola’s system production cost and capacity as well as fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rate effects on financial results as further risk factors. Increased competition and the relationship between bottling partners such as financial conditions possibly deteriorating could affect financial results forming other risk factors. An increase in the cost of energy affecting profitability and changes in laws and regulations relating to packaging could increase cost reducing demand for product. Unfavorable economic and political conditions, litigation or legal proceedings exposing significant liabilities, weather conditions, changes in the regulatory environment, and changes in accounting standards and taxation requirements, and global and regional catastrophic events cont inue as possible risk factors capable of affecting operations (Coca-Cola, 2009). Considering these identified risks supports Coca-Cola in future decisions involving risk measurement. Risk Measurement Techniques As regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, Coke maintains an independent auditor to evaluate all accounts and oversee the earnings and financial reports. Risk measurementShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Plan Proposal986 Words   |  4 PagesRisk Management Plan Proposal FIN/415 Background of organization Pepsi Co is a global food and beverage leader with net revenues of more than $65 billion (Pepsico.com, 2012). Pepsi Co began its life in the summer of 1893. In 1893 Caleb Bradham invented â€Å"Brad’s Drink† or Pepsi Cola as it is called today (Pepsistore.com, 2012). By 1898 Caleb Bradham bought a trade name of â€Å"Pep Cola† from a competitor who had gone out of business. On December 24, 1902 the PepsiRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesinto the final version. Chapter 1: Introduction to Valuation Chapter 2: Approaches to Valuation Chapter 3: Understanding Financial Statements Chapter 4: The Basics of Risk Chapter 5: Option Pricing Theory and Models Chapter 6: Market Efficiency: Theory and Models Chapter 7: Riskless Rates and Risk Premiums Chapter 8: Estimating Risk Parameters and Costs of Financing Chapter 9: Measuring Earnings Chapter 10: From Earnings to Cash Flows Chapter 11: Estimating Growth Chapter 12: Closure in Valuation:Read MoreFinancial Ratio Analysis11306 Words   |  46 Pagesand development of product lines resulted in Pfizer moving to Manhatten in 1868 to support its rapid growth; the headquarters remained there for nearly a century. In 1880 Pfizer created citric acid and quickly becomes the leading product as Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola gain popularity and demand more of it. This marks another turning point in growth for Pfizer as citric acid launches this company into another market. 1899 marks the 50th anniversary of Pfizer Inc producing high-quality products in anRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership

The Power Of The Ruler - 1789 Words

When we talk about the method of torturing in jail in ancient times, one of the most remarkable countries is Florence, Italy. Florence is remarkable in a way of violence torturing. One of the most violence method used in Florentine jail during the Renaissance was the Strappado, which can result in dislocation of the shoulders and render one or both arms useless. It is remarkable that Niccolà ² Machiavelli asked for pen and paper to write after he accepted such punishment. Niccolà ² Machiavelli, the author of The Prince, has demonstrated the importance of violence in ruling the country. Machiavelli has experienced violence in his life, therefore, it is distinctive that he includes a lot of elements of violence when he talks about how to rule a country. Consider all these personal factors from Machiavelli, I can suggest that the role of violence in securing the power of the ruler is important because Machiavelli suggests that no people will obey on the ruler if he is not violence eno ugh, his subordinate will rebel the ruler if no violence applied and violence can protect the people in arms from being killed. First of all, the role of violence in securing the power of the ruler is important because Machiavelli suggests that no people will obey on the ruler if he is not violence enough. In chapter XVI, Machiavelli talks about the generosity and meanness that a ruler should have. He mentions â€Å"if generosity is practiced in such a way that you will be considered generous, it will harmShow MoreRelatedHow Power Can Be Corrupted Through Hubris And Invokes The Limits Of Power Of A Ruler1512 Words   |  7 Pages Sophocles shows how power can be corrupted through hubris and invokes the limits of power of a ruler. Also, Sophocles exposes how the presence of dominance can Antigone continues to argue with Creon over the justification of her harsh sentence. Within the heated debate, Antigone says to Creon that â€Å"Not a man here would say the opposite, were his tongue not locked in fear. Unfortunately, tyranny (blessed in so much else besides) can lay down the law down any way it wants† (SophoclesRead MorePeter The Great : A Successful Ruler Who Changed Russia Into A Dominant Power2377 Words   |  10 PagesPeter Alexeyevich or as he is best known as, Peter the Great, is recognized from history as a very successful ruler who drastically changed Russia into a dominant power. Not only was Russia a large, almighty country with a strenuous character, Russia was from his reign on forth European. This transformation into a European Russian state was used to proclaim and empha size the advancements, civility, and grandness Russia was and had become. Russia was no longer barbaric; it was a place of equivalenceRead MoreComparing Cardinal Richelieus Practice of Ruler Ship to Niccà ²lo Machiavellis Ideas About the Effective Exercise of Power2015 Words   |  9 Pagesmoi,# spoken by French king Louis XIV is an embodiment of Cardinal Richelieus practice of ruler ship, as well as Machiavellis theory on the necessity of centralizing power in order to establish a stable and secure state.# To achieve this great ascendancy and rule France in an effective manner, Richelieu focused on his foreign policy of challenging the Habsburg dynasty and domestically, centralizing power in France (and ultimately, laying the foundation for Absolutism in the early modern era.) Read MoreAnalyse the Methods Used by One Single Party State Ruler in His Successful Bid for Power815 Words   |  4 Pagesposition as leader of the Bolshevik party still remains. Following the death of Len in in 1924, a power vacuum developed within the Bolshevik party and it was clear that a leadership race between candidates had begun. Stalin was able to rise above men like Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev to launch into new economic policies, collectivisation and industrialisation. The main key to Stalin’s success in gaining power after Lenin’s death was held in his alignment with the former ‘hero’ of Russia, as well as hisRead More Personal Narrative- Television Remote Essay681 Words   |  3 Pagesrecognized as having authority earn power because of strong leadership skills and the drive to make the world a better place. When people use power to do good deeds they gain respect. A typical leader also holds something in his or her hands, like a staff, that yields power. It is amazing to see people follow an individual who is holding on to something. If they could possess that object then they too could have power. I agree that one must hold something to att ain power, but it isn’t a staff that is neededRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1699 Words   |  7 Pagesof that person’s philosophical views of power. This popular depiction is due to Niccolo Machiavelli’s harsh portrayal of the interlaced relationship between power and politics in his treatise, The Prince. Machiavelli begins his work by contending that it is â€Å"more effective† to reveal the â€Å"practical truth of a subject† rather than â€Å"depend on [his] fancies for it†(Machiavelli 2524). His rejection of idealism and focus on realism impels him to claim that a ruler has to be acquainted with and effectivelyRead MoreAnalysis Of Niccolo Machiavelli875 Words   |  4 Pagesreputation holding his power in control without nourishing any hatred on themselves as a leader. A ruler sets an impression, reflecting how their subjects behave by his actions. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote his treatise â€Å"The Prince,† in 16th cent ury Italy. As a political theorist, Machiavelli put his concerns towards cruelty and clemency and argues whether or not it is better to be loved than feared. Machiavelli advises future leaders arguing what makes an ideal ruler and the impact rulers would have on politicsRead MoreVirtu and Fortune in Prince904 Words   |  4 PagesMachiavelli is concerned with the issues politics, ruling a state and how a ruler or a leader should be. The key properties of a ruler are represented by Machiavelli in details and the inner and outer effects of the success in ruling are mentioned. One of the most important topics in The Prince is about the relationship of skillfulness (virtà ¹) of the ruler and his good or bad chance (fortune) and their effects on gaining and keeping the power. Virtà ¹, which has the present meaning of manliness, is used by MachiavelliRead MoreThe Proper Role of a Ruler and the Government Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesessentially good - men will not annihilate each ot her if left without a ruler, but motivation, protection, and some degree of rights must be accommodated in order to allow a state to thrive to its greatest capacity. Thus a ruler should be judged by his ability to protect the people and secure their rights, and he should come to power by the collective consent of the people. The perfect government is one in which the ruler has only the power which allows him to aid the people and the state, protect theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Nicolo Machiavelli s The Prince1536 Words   |  7 PagesNicolà ³ Machiavelli’s The Prince highlights important aspects of successful leadership and power. The representations of gender and power in this text help to display the principles and guidelines that would make a leader successful in Machiavelli’s eyes. Throughout The Prince, Machiavelli implies that an individual with good morals will not obtain power, but rather that an individual who obtains power is assumed as morally upright by the p eople. One may wonder how a man whose reputation was a worshipper

Unit 18 Babies Development Free Essays

string(122) " feel frustrated or agitated and being able to just make sounds with instruments can calm them down as they beat in tune\." E1-Summarise the factors which may influence the health and -development of babies in the first year of their lives There are many factors that affect health and development such as environmental factors, for example, a lack of space in the garden or outside play area will limit their gross motor and fine motor skills. â€Å"Generally, people with a high level of earnings enjoy a better lifestyle, with better housing, better food, warm clothes and own transport. † Meggit 2001 page 9 Genetics are also a major factor which may influence the health and development of the baby as some illnesses are inherited through genes. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 18 Babies Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example babies with Down’s syndrome suffer due to a chromosomal abnormality which lead to problems such as heart defects and chest infections. Illness’s in general can cause detrimental damage to a babies development, for example a baby may have asthma which is long term and is potentially life threatening in circumstances other illness’s like meningitis can lead to many extreme conditions. The babies weight and height may be below average if they have not been developing correctly due to illness. Antenatal factors are also important to the baby such as certain foods like Camembert cheese can severely harm the baby, other illnesses like rubella can be detrimental to the unborn child’s health in the first 12-16 weeks as it can cause a miscarriage, still birth and defects such as brain damage, hearing loss and cataracts. Narcotics and alcohol can damage the child’s development during pregnancy, When the baby is being delivered, there may be complications which can affect the baby’s health such as lack of oxygen, birth asphyxia, can be caused by the umbilical cord becoming entangled. Asphyxia can cause the baby permanent brain damage. E2-Describe how indoor and outdoor environments can be made safe, reassuring and stimulating By keeping to the adult to child ratio (1:3) and constantly supervising them, both indoor and outdoor environments can be safe for babies. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is something that practitioners must be aware of when babies are sleeping and should check on the babies every 5 minutes while under supervision. To reduce SIDS babies should be placed at the bottom of the cot with a maximum of two blankets. Risk assessments should also be made for both inside and outside play. â€Å"It is important that the environment children are playing in is regularly checked, before and during activities. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 193 Practitioners must make sure they follow the correct policies and procedures and make sure all gates are locked to keep the children safe from possible threats. The indoor environment can be reassuring by having a ke y person in which the baby will form a bond with. The key person can ensure that the baby will have a routine that tailors for the individual needs by working with the parents. The baby can also be reassured with a comforter, a much loved object from home, being brought into the setting to help them feel more ‘at home’ and settled. The environments can be made stimulating by having a range of activities to promote different areas of development, for example, a treasure basket which will contain different natural items inside to promote the use of senses. Visual displays and posters can be put low down so that babies can look and investigate them. Whilst outside the practitioner can take the babies out on walks to see nature or just a stroll around the town, in my current setting we take the babies on walks as our environment is quite colourful. A trip to the park is also good as it provides opportunities for those who walk early to be able to run and explore. E3-Describe the expected stage of development of babies at 7 months and how they can be expected to develop in the next 2 months of life. I have chosen 7 months as this is a busy time in development for babies, for example this is when a baby may be able to sit unaided for a short period of time whereas at 9 months the baby could sit unsupported for 10 minutes as their gross motor skills has developed more which has improve their balance. At 7 months the baby will have recently mastered how to swap objects in their hands â€Å"can move a toy from one hand to another. † Tassoni. P 2007 page40. whereas at 9 months the baby will bee attempting to use the pincer grip. as their fine motor skills have progressed as the child â€Å"can deliberately release objects by dropping them. Tassoni wt al 2007 page41. At 7 months babies pay attention to objects within their visual field, this progresses at 9 months to watching an object fall, for example building blocks, this is known as object permanence and is a result of their intellectual development. Language development is also improved drastically within this range: from babbling in tune at 7 months to repetition and imitation at 9 months. â€Å"babbles and starts to understand words such as ‘bye-bye’ and ‘no’. † Tassoni et al page 570. E4 -Explain how 2 different play activities/experiences can support the overall development of the baby described in E3. An activity which supports overall development of a 7 month old is musical instruments is the use of musical instruments, for example a drum, xylophone, rattle or bells. the babies sensory skills as a whole will be used and further developed from physically shaking the rattle, hearing the sound and seeing the colours of the instrument. The fine motor skills will also develop in different ways depending on the instrument, for example beating the drum or shaking the rattle, alongside developing concentration and hand-eye co-ordination. Musical instruments can also be used to extend and bring out the babies language as they may babble along with the music or repeat certain words. This type of activity can help with emotional development as a child could feel frustrated or agitated and being able to just make sounds with instruments can calm them down as they beat in tune. You read "Unit 18 Babies Development" in category "Papers" â€Å"Music is the transition of sharing ones emotions of any age to any person. † Loosely translated from Japanese from an interview of One OK Rock’s lead singer Morita Takahiro . This also aids their social development as they play along and bond with the practitioner or parent. Music is an easy way for parents to relate to their children. When an infant hears you sing to them, you are connecting with them, and they are connecting to you. † http://www. halilit. co. uko. uk/hal_playsound. html Playing with building blocks is another fun activity that supports babies dev elopment. Building blocks helps the 7 month old start the process of learning the pincer grip by developing its fine motor skills by picking the blocks up also aiding the gross motor skills by moving around their arms gradually getting quicker. The baby will also start to develop the skills and strength to sit unaided for longer gaining better balance while playing. other benefit from this activity is better hand-eye co-ordination with carefully placing the blocks on top of each other and colour recognition. The baby may babble while playing with the adult in which furthering their language skills. E5- Describe the role of the practitioner in meeting the particular needs of babies in a group care setting. The practitioners role in meeting particular needs is demonstrated and performed in different ways, for example welcoming the parents and the baby to the setting. The practitioner needs to build trust with the parents and in turn will make the baby feel more at ease seeing their parents engage with the practitioner. The practitioner will plan the daily routine to cater for individual needs of all the babies such as likes and dislikes or any special requirements for the babies such as dietary needs. â€Å"In people with coeliac disease this immune reaction is triggered by gluten†¦ † www. coeliac. org. uk/coeliac-disease The care routine will cater to the babies, physical, intellectual, social and emotional development therefore before planning the practitioner needs to assess each babies individual needs. It is also important for the key worker to give one to one attention to the baby, as they will form a bond which will make the baby feel secure. The practitioner must also keep accurate records whilst there is a high level of supervision. They must also provide a safe stimulating environment by selecting suitable resources. E6 – Show how the child protection policies and procedures in the setting protect and safeguard the babies. There are many policies and procedures that protect and safeguard babies, for example can help identify any area’s the baby needs help with. These observations must also be kept secure on a password protected computer or in a locked cupboard due to the Data Protection Act 1998. Keeping these records secure is a policy that is not only backed by legislation but is important to safeguard babies as these records have personal information on the baby and its family. This would also tie in to the settings confidentiality policy as only the practitioners involved and parents have the right to access these files. † This act is concerned with the protection of personal information. † Tassoni et al page 224 The Every Child Matters nitiative brought from the Children Act 2004 has brought in the need of a delegated Safeguarding officer which any signs of abuse on a baby would be reported to as the baby itself cannot talk nor know what is happening to them. This policy is put in place to elect the member of staff mediately to prevent or stop child abuse from taking place. Their would be a policy in place to recruit staff safely so the parents, other members of staff and babies are not harmed and feel safe. † When they first join a setting they should undergo a CRB check. It is important that all staff read the child protection policies and procedures of the setting. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 128 â€Å"adult to child ratio in rooms, the qualification levels of staff. † Tassoni. et al 2007 page 117 There would also be a policy in place of which the staff are at the correct staff to baby ration of 1:3 to ensure the babies are thoroughly looked after and to be kept safe from accidents. E7 D1- Explain the importance of well-planned care routines and the key worker system Consider how care routines can enhance the overall development of babies from birth to 12 months Babies need well planned care routines to meet their individual needs, it is important as it promotes security and stability for the baby. An example of this is a well planned feeding routine that caters to all the babies needs that will make sure they get the right type and amount of milk throughout the day and keeping with the routine from home. This routine can help the child develop in multiple ways, such as their fine motor skills when gripping the bottle or simply sitting in a high chair developing their posture. This will also stimulate the muscles in the mouth and around the jaw which helps with the transition to solids and also aids speech, emotionally this helps with independence and will give the baby the confidence to hold the bottle themselves to feed. The adult will be able to talk to the baby whilst sitting in front of the high chair aiding the child’s social skills. once the transition to solids take place the child may improve their senses as they are able to touch, see, taste and smell the food, aiding this is the cold spaghetti activity. The babies bathing routine, if the setting requires this, should be also planned efficiently. It is important as it requires one to one time with the adult, this helps the baby feel secure. Bathing will also help the baby emotionally as it is a good experience in which the baby can relax in the warm water and calm down alongside this adding toys into the bath adds both fine motor and gross motor development as the baby tries to grasp the slippery toy whilst kicking their legs with joy. Social development will also improve as the adult would sing and talk to the baby, asking questions to stimulate the babies intellectual development, these questions could benefit the sensory skills such as asking the baby to â€Å"touch the red fish†. Nappy changing is another routine which must be well planned. The baby’s physical development will increase as they are able to kick their legs. This will also help prevent nappy rash as they are not wearing a nappy. Intellectually they will develop as they are learning opportunities, for example when the adult asks them questions. There will be opportunities to express their emotions which will help their emotional development. This also allows them to be aware of their care routine. Socially they will develop as they have a one on one with their key person. The key person can sing to the baby which will help language development. The key person works closely with a baby to build an attachment and a close relationship with their parents. They have many responsibilities, for instance settling the baby in the setting and observing and assessing their development. Also â€Å"helping to ensure that the care of the child meets with the parents’ wishes. † Tassoni. et al 2007 page 219 This can benefit the babies in early years settings as the baby will be able to feel safe and secure. This means that they may be able to have a stable development. The key person has partnership with parents, which means that the parents can trust and respect them, which will ensure the care routine is planned effectively. They can also find out the individual needs of the baby, and meet the parent’s needs. C1 -Discuss the importance of an environment that is safe, reassuring and stimulating It is important for the environment to be safe as it is a government and legal requirement. This is because the Childcare Act 2006 affects the â€Å"adult to child ratio in rooms, the qualification levels of staff. † Tassoni. t al 2007 page 117 These are embedded in the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum. A safe environment is also necessary to prevent babies from having accidents and coming into harm. The parents will feel reassured if they feel their baby is in a safe environment which in turn the baby will continue attending the setting. It will also help the baby’s development, as they will have the opportunities to learn. If n ot the baby may not develop skills such as fine and gross. A reassuring environment will make the baby feel secure and settled and as a result the babies self-esteem, self-worth and confidence will grow. The babies social and emotional health will develop higher and will reassure the parents. The child will form a great attachment with the key person which will help plan around the babies for activities so that their individual needs will have been met. Having a stimulating environment is important as the baby will be able to develop a variety of skills. They will be able to increase their sensory development by having activities such as treasury baskets and water play. They will feel motivated and will want to explore different outcomes from activities. A stimulating environment can be challenging which will encourage the baby’s progression and learning and promote overall development. B1 – Evaluate the role of the practitioner in promoting an inclusive approach when working with babies and their families. When working with babies and their families, practitioners should promote an inclusive approach. â€Å"To include someone means making them feel a part if what is happening. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 8 Through this the practitioner will take into consideration the baby’s individual needs, for example if the baby needs more time to settle in then the practitioner should accommodate this. It is important that the practitioner practices this way as the parents will feel valued and that the needs of their child are being met, it is the practitioners job to make sure the parents wishes are being met, for inclusive practice, the practitioner needs information on how to provide such an aspect, therefore, staff can go on training courses to refresh or retrain to provide an inclusive environment. It is essential for the practitioner to be up to date with current legislation to ake sure their practice is effective, for example a new child joins the setting with a disability, you could take a course on how to provide and include the child within the setting. The practitioner can also review their policies and procedures handbook and review the inclusive policy, this ensures that the practitioner can include all babies into activities no matter what gender, race, religion or disability the child has. The united Nations Convention on the Rights of the child has many articles on inclusivity in which the practitioner can revise: â€Å"Article 3: The right to be protected from all forms of discrimination. Tassoni et al 2007 page 115 The practitioner can also make sure there is an inclusive approach, by using a selection of resources which promote positive images and diversity. These can include posters of children sharing and books on diverse cultures and faiths. From this, the children will learn to respect other beliefs. They must also challenge and respond to poor practice. For instance, if the practitioner observes a child who is being left out or discriminated then they should intervene and stop it. This will make sure all children are included. However this may be difficult, if the practitioner does not see it, as it may happen when the children are playing quietly. By reflecting the practitioner can make sure that every child is included. This is because they can look back on an activity and see if anyone did not participate and why they didn’t. However this may be hard for the practitioner if they do not know how to reflect. This means that they should go on training courses and find out new information from peer observations. The practitioner should also use positive language and not stereotype. This will make the children feel welcome and included. However this may be difficult if the practitioner does not have respect. It is so important, that the practitioner has partnership with parents. This is because they can find out the babies individual needs, which the practitioner can take into consideration when planning activities. A -Reflect on the influence of theoretical perspectives of development and attachment on current practice in settings working with babies under 1 year of age. There are many theorists that influence the current practice of working with abies and their attachments, for example Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby who believed â€Å"Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. † www. psychology. about. com John Bowlby (1907-1990) believed that babies needed a strong, stable relationship with their primary carer, mainly being the mother. He also believed that the baby will find it hard later on in life to develop positive relationships with other s if the baby doesn’t form a positive relationship with the primary carer. He found that babies cried and tried to escape when separated form the main carers, this was later branded and expanded by Ainsworth as ‘separation anxiety’. The child is distraught by the absence of their main carer and then calms and shows a more comfortable behaviour once the carer returns. This also shows the strength and type of attachment the baby shares with the primary carer. There are 3 types of attachment according to Bowlby: secure, resistant and avoident. These forms of attachment where found in Ainsworths study called the Strange Situation. This study observed the behaviour of babies between 12 and 18 months of stages where they where left alone with a stranger or completely alone. Ainsworth found that the secure attachment type would be very distressed at the absence of the parent whereas the resistant attachment would show intense levels of distress and the avoident type would be fine, unfazed by the strangers attention or mothers absence. Ainsworth’s theory influenced practice as practitioners now encourage parents to bring babies into the setting as soon as possible so that the baby can bond with its key worker and so that the baby will not be upset that its primary carer has left. The recognition of attachment has helped practice in many ways, such as the key worker being the second carer of the child while the parents work. The key worker will form a bond with the child and have better opportunities in finding out the child’s needs from the parents, some settings send the key worker out the the babies house before coming to the setting so that the child recognises the practitioner. The key worker, through developing this bond with baby and parents, can inform the staff of any new information that concerns the baby. This key worker gives the child a sense of security when around him/her as they have someone to go to in the future if they need anything. The key worker will bond with the child throughout the day through the routines of the setting, even nappy changing. There should also be another person that the child is quite attached to, but not the key worker. The baby will need they will need an additional person who they can feel comfortable with as they key worker may not work 5 days a week, in this case, there would be a second key worker or co-worker in which is a main part of the babies stay at nursery. The key worker is effective, because they empower the baby, as they have made a bond with them, which makes the child confident. Piaget 1896-1980 identified the different stages of development. He said that children moved through the sensory motor stage (0-2 years), pre operational stage (2-7 years). He used the expression ‘Schema’ to state a child’s thought process, † – Assimilation. – equilibrium. – disequilibrium. -accommodation. † Tassoni et al page 66 he felt that the schema would change as soon as contradicting information came in, for example: – † ‘Every day he lady in nursery is waiting for me in the room. – ‘I am in the shop but I see the lady from the nursery. what is she doing here because she is always at the nursery? ‘ – ‘the lady at nursery doesn’t stay there all the time. ‘ . † Tassoni et al page 66 During the sensory motor stage he said â€Å"The child develops physical schemas as he/she gains control of his/her movements. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 67 Throughout the pre-operational stage the â€Å"Children begin to use symbols to stand for things, for example a piece of dough represents a cake. † Tassoni et al 2007 page 67 Bruner also observes that the process of constructing knowledge of the world is not done in isolation but rather within a social context. † Meggit 2006 page 56 He argued that children should need things such as books and interest tables. He is known for ‘scaffolding’ which is when adults help the children’s development in a way that best suits the child. * Bruce. T, Meggit C (1999) Child care and education 2nd edition , London , Hodder and Stoughton * Meggit. C (2006) Child development , An illustrated guide , Heinemann, London * Tassoni. P (2007) Child care and education 4th edition , London, Heinemann How to cite Unit 18 Babies Development, Papers

Labour Force Characteristics of Aboriginal - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Labour Force Characteristics of Aboriginal. Answer: Social policies are implemented with the purpose of resolving social problems in society and providing adequate support to people living with disadvantage (Dean, 2014). There are some groups of people in community who suffers greater disadvantage in all areas of life and their disadvantage is defined by social, economic and cultural determinants in society (Fisher et al., 2016). Some of the groups who are major targets of social policies include unemployed people, single parents, aged people, women, children, and those living with disability. This is because they experience social injustice due to inequality in the areas of employment, health, housing and other areas of life. Hence, social policies focus on eliminating gaps in social aspects of well-being and bringing positive changes in the community. This essay particularly focuses on analyzing the position of Indigenous Australians in community and findings out ways in which social policy domains in the area of income support and health care has influence the Indigenous Australians. The paper analyzes social policies under the income support and health care domain and gives an insight into the strength and limitation of social policy domain on impacting the lives of the selected population group. Indigenous Australians are one of the distinct cultural groups in Australia who used to live in surrounding islands of the country. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders also comprise the group of indigenous Australians and they follow mix of both contemporary and traditional practices. They are also regarded as the first inhabitant of Australia as they were the first human to settle down in the country. By the time, European settlers arrived in Australian in 1778, there were about 3,20,000 Aborigines in the country (Shareourpride.org.au., 2018).After the European settlement, indigenous Australians have to resettle in other lands. The history of forced resettlement and the loss of land has been a contributor to disadvantages in the group. They have been marginalized from society and they lag behind from non-indigenous Australians in the areas of employment, health, housing and education. The perception of indigenous Australians has changed over time. According to current perception, indigenous Australians are regarded as the most disadvantaged group in Australia because of disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians across all parameters of quality of life. A number of socio-economic factors create disadvantages for the group and increase risk of health and well-being. Although indigenous people continue to inhabit Australia, however they live in a separate social stratum and retain links to traditional culture and beliefs. Indigenous people do not trust social workers because they also played a role in removal of children during colonization. Issues of social justice, equity and social disadvantage hamper sustainable and effective relation between indigenous Australians too (Bennett 2015). Although many multicultural policies and immigration policies have been implemented in Australia to encourage a culturally diverse population, however still indi genous Australians have been recognized as having lower level of unemployment and greater negative health complications compared too rest of the population (Mitrou et al. 2014). Income support policy is one of the policy domains that have focused on welfare of the indigenous groups. Income support policies are crucial for social security and alleviating burden of unemployment and poverty for disadvantages group in society (Carson Kerr, 2017). Low socioeconomic position in terms of income and occupation also has association between greater burden of disease and mortality in countries (Arno et al., 2011). Evidence related to burden of disease and disparities in health status between indigenous Australians and rest of the population points out to the need for immediate policy action for this group (Vos et al., 2009). A study on cardio-metabolic risk and disease in indigenous Australians also revealed that unemployed individuals are most likely to have cardiovascular disease (Brown et al. 2014). Hence, this proves that higher income is associated with lower odds of health risk and social disadvantage in people and income support policies improves the economic s tatus of people living in poverty. Income support policy can achieve its goal when income support measures are complemented with strategies to eliminate factors contributing to social problem in indigenous group. The role of income support policy and its impact on indigenous Australians will be analyzed in later part of essay. Apart from income support, another policy domain that is importance in the context of welfare of indigenous Australians includes the health policies. This is because indigenous Australians have lower life expectancies and worse health outcome compared to non-indigenous people (Durey Thompson, 2012). Life expectancy is a parameter that describes population health and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people born in 2010-2012, life expectancy has been estimated to be 10.6 years lower compared to non-indigenous population (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018).Such evidence affirms the fact that health policy domain is a necessary element to assess the fate of welfare activities done in the area of health for indigenous group. Evaluation of health policies for indigenous Australian will help to determine whether health policies have been effective in reducing health disparities or not. It may also help to assess whether health policies promote or compromise indigeno us health and well-being. To evaluate the role of income support policy domain in influencing lives of Indigenous people, there is a need to analyze the performance of specific income support policies that has been implemented for the group. Income inequality is a significant issue in indigenous people and this is evident from the 2014-2015 statistics that only less than 46 % of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people above 15 years are employed in Australia. In addition, more number of males were found to be employed compared to females (Abs.gov.au, 2015).The statistics also revealed that unemployment rate was high in those living in remote areas compared to those living in non-remote areas. Hence, the above data gives implications for a policy that addresses large income disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous people. In the domain of income support policy, some of the policies that focused on providing income support options to Aboriginal Australians include the Aboriginal Employment Develop ment Policy (AEDP), the Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) scheme and the most recent Aboriginal Employment Strategy 2013-2015. The sources of income for people in Australia come in the form of wages, salaries, investment, government benefits and income. Indigenous people received very small amount of income from non-wage sources compares to non-indigenous people (Howlett, Gray Hunter, 2016).. The CDEP is a program that played a role in pooling unemployment benefit entitlement of individual indigenous people into their direct wages and this benefit was for those who participated in community development programs to get access to income support payments. The scheme targeted indigenous people living both in remote and non-remote areas before 2009. Changes in CDEP schemes occurred after 2009 when the scheme was discontinued in non-remote location because economy was well-established in those areas. However, those who joined the scheme before 2009 continued to receive wages and new participants received income support benefits (Abs.gov.au, 2012). The main impact of the CDEP scheme on indigenous people was that i t provided them social security and opportunities to enter mainstream labor market programs. Furthermore, by focusing on the equal rights of indigenous people in the area of economic, social and cultural rights, the CDEP scheme provided the right support to address unemployment gap occurring due to remoteness of location (Jordan, 2016). Despite this success, some limitations found in the policy is that CDEP participants were not uniformly treated by Commonwealth agencies thus pointing out to perception of discrimination issues in the scheme. The main benefits of the CDEP scheme was that it allowed indigenous Australians to get employment opportunities within their communities instead of passively receiving social security. However, after criticism of the scheme for being discriminatory towards its participant, there was a need for policies that incentivize employment for this population group. The reform of the CDEP scheme gave rise to new policy framework called Australians Working Together. This policy helped indigenous people to enter into mainstream employment (Dss.gov.au. 2018). Besides this, the Aboriginal Employment Strategy 2013-2015 was one of the policies that focused on making a difference in the Aboriginal employment outcome. The main goal of this policy was to empower people by preserving diversity and developing a welcoming and respectful work culture. This policy was also aiming to address the COAGs (Council of Australian Government) policy objective of closing the gap. With certain ambitious policy driver s like reconciliation, substantive Equality and National Indigenous Reform Agreement, the strategy played a role in creating an inclusive environment work environment for Aboriginal people and developing their skills in doing their jobs (commerce.wa.gov.au, 2018). Another policy domain that is a focus for indigenous Australians is the health policy. Health policy is a domain that focuses on health equity and resource redistribution to address disparities in health outcome in a population group. For indigenous Australian, one of the major reasons for poor life expectancy and adverse health outcome is inequality in access to health services. Access to health services is an important factor that can affect health status of indigenous population (Bowling 2014). One specific policy that has been implemented for the improving the health status of Aboriginals include the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013-2024. The main focus of this policy framework was to close the gap in health outcome in the selected population group and achieve equality in health status and life expectancy between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians by 2031 (health.gov.au., 2018). The main advantage of this policy in changing lives of Indigenou s Australian is that it is inspired by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and so it took strength based approach to promote health and positive behavior in indigenous people. The advantage of taking strength based approach is that it values individuals skills and knowledge and pays special attention to build on strength of target group to provide solutions to problem (Carson Kerr, 2017).This is crucial in shifting the balance of care. Hence, the health plan 2013-2014 has been the reason for implementation of many guidelines related to improving the accessibility of health services for indigenous people. Many effective programs are now reaching remote areas to provide health service to people. Policy development and progress in indigenous health is also monitored by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework. With the vision of creating equitable and efficient health care system and address health of indigenous people, this framework gave directive to Australian government for investment in indigenous advancement programs. Hence, the Indigenous Australians Health Programme plays a role in addressing issues faced by indigenous people due to cultural difference, language gap and remoteness of location. This programme also fulfilled local health need of Indigenous Australians (Pmc.gov.au, 2018). For aboriginal people, some of the barrier to health access was negative experience with health care staffs. Health care staffs were found to lack cultural competence to understand the values and culture of these people. This resulted in alienation from services (Clifford et al., 2015). However, health policy led to positive implications in the area of cult ural competence in health service. Many programmes are now being implemented to provide training to health care workers regarding cultural competence. Education and training of the health care workforce is likely to provide indigenous groups positive experience in accessing health services. In addition, chronic disease programmes are engaging them in health lifestyle promotion activities. Primary health care funding has also increased leading to good follow-on care, incentive payments and chronic disease management (Pmc.gov.au, 2018). The essay gave an insight into the role of health policy and income support policies on influencing the life of Indigenous Australian. By evaluating the role of these policies on addressing employment and health issues in the group, it can be concluded that these policies has been influential in driving positive changes for the well-being of the indigenous population. However, by reviewing employment policies, it is predicted that addressing discrimination in the delivery of income support policies might be a challenge in the future. Hence, changing the attitude of non-indigenous people and inclusive work culture across various sectors might be a challenging task in the future. In case of health policies, aligning and sustaining goals of the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013-2024 for a long period might be a challenge. However, social policies can look to evaluate existing programs and identify existing gaps in data to plan ways to address issue in the f uture. Reference Abs.gov.au. (2012). 6287.0 - Labour Force Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, Estimates from the Labour Force Survey, 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2018, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/6287.0~2011~Chapter~Community%20Development%20Employment%20Projects%20%28CDEP%29 Abs.gov.au. 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