Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich Essay -- Poetry Poets Dickinson Rich

Emily Dickinson and Adrienne full-bodied The modernist period, reaching from the late 19th century to approximately 1960, is a very distinct phase in the progression of American literature, employing the persona of novel literary techniques which spue away from the traditional literary styles observed in the time preceding the period. Modernist writers explore new styles themes, and content in their compositions, encompassing issues ranging from race (Kate Chopin) to gender (H.D.) to sex (James Baldwin), as well as many others. The Modernist movement, however novel and unique, did not develop spontaneously. A few writers atomic number 82 up to the movement exhibit transparent modernist views in their writing. These include male writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman, both of which had literature widely published through out their lives, influencing modernist writers to come. There is also, however, other writer who, though lesser cognize to the earliest modern com posers, was one of the first female writers to show an obvious propensity towards modernist ideals Emily Dickinson. Though chronologically set(p) in the Romantic period, Emily Dickinsons poetry, nigh published after her death beginning in 1890, exemplifies many modernist tendencies. Her stylistic oddities, such as her interesting diction, capitalization, rhythms, and use of the dash, as well as her womens rightist views, detach Dickinson from the other poets of her time. Once finally published posthumously, Dickinsons writings came to influence modernist writers through out the twentieth century. One writer in crabbed who was immensely influenced by Dickinsons poetry and sought to probe the extreme reaches of consciousness and truth just as Dickinson had (Langdell, 84)... ...History. The Emily Dickinson Journal 13.1 (2004). 19-50. Project Muse. 23 Mar. 2005 /v013/13.1ladin.html.Langdell, Cheri Colby. Adrienne Rich The Moment of Change. Westport Praeger P ublishers, 2004.Martin, Wendy. An American Typtych Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Adrienne Rich. Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina Press, 1984.Pollack, Vivian R., ed. A Historical Guide to Emily Dickinson. advanced York Oxford University Press, 2004. Porter, David. Dickinson, the Modern Idiom. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1981.Rich, Adrienne. What is form There Notebooks on Poetry and Politics. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1993.---. Vesuvius at Home The Power of Emily Dickinson (1975). On Lies, Secrets, and Silence. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1979. Emily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich Essay -- Poetry Poets Dickinson RichEmily Dickinson and Adrienne Rich The modernist period, stretching from the late 19th century to approximately 1960, is a very distinct phase in the progression of American literature, employing the use of novel literary techniques which stray away from the traditional literary styles o bserved in the time preceding the period. Modernist writers explore new styles themes, and content in their compositions, encompassing issues ranging from race (Kate Chopin) to gender (H.D.) to sexuality (James Baldwin), as well as many others. The Modernist movement, however novel and unique, did not develop spontaneously. A few writers leading up to the movement exhibit obvious modernist views in their writing. These include male writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman, both of which had literature widely published through out their lives, influencing modernist writers to come. There is also, however, another writer who, though lesser known to the earliest modern composers, was one of the first female writers to show an obvious propensity towards modernist ideals Emily Dickinson. Though chronologically placed in the Romantic period, Emily Dickinsons poetry, most published after her death beginning in 1890, exemplifies many modernist tendencies. Her stylistic oddities, such as her interesting diction, capitalization, rhythms, and use of the dash, as well as her feminist views, detach Dickinson from the other poets of her time. Once finally published posthumously, Dickinsons writings came to influence modernist writers through out the 20th century. One writer in particular who was immensely influenced by Dickinsons poetry and sought to probe the extreme reaches of consciousness and truth just as Dickinson had (Langdell, 84)... ...History. The Emily Dickinson Journal 13.1 (2004). 19-50. Project Muse. 23 Mar. 2005 /v013/13.1ladin.html.Langdell, Cheri Colby. Adrienne Rich The Moment of Change. Westport Praeger Publishers, 2004.Martin, Wendy. An American Typtych Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Adrienne Rich. Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina Press, 1984.Pollack, Vivian R., ed. A Historical Guide to Emily Dickinson. New York Oxford University Press, 2004. Porter, David. Dickinson, the Modern Idiom. Ca mbridge Harvard University Press, 1981.Rich, Adrienne. What is Found There Notebooks on Poetry and Politics. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1993.---. Vesuvius at Home The Power of Emily Dickinson (1975). On Lies, Secrets, and Silence. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1979.

The Story of the Water :: Water Vapor

Water vapor is the most important gaseous source of infrared opacity in the atmosphere, itaccounts for about 60% of the essential greenhouse effect for the clear skies 1, and provides thelargest positive feedback in model projections of climate transfer 2. Therefore, water vaporvariability is an important issue in the word of global climate change 3 and in particularthe variability of stratospheric water vapor has important radiative and chemical consequencesthat impact the global protrude climate change 4.An increase of roughly 1% per year in stratospheric water vapor content has been observedduring the last half(a)(prenominal) of the 20th century 5, 6, with a much convincingly documented increaseduring the 1980s and most of the 1990s than earlier. However, an updated burn analysis 7of water vapor in the lower mid-latitude stratosphere from Boulder balloon measurements andfrom HALOE (Halogen occultation Experiment) 8 spaceborne observations provides trendestimates for the pe riod 1980-2000 that are up to 40% lower than previously reported.Methane oxidation is a major source of water in stratosphere, and has been increasing everyplacethe industrial period, however, the observed trend in stratospheric water vapor during the lasthalf of the 20th century is too large to be attributed to methane oxidation unaccompanied 5, 9.The temperatures near the tropical tropopause should control the stratospheric water vaporcontent according to the equilibrium thermodynamics, importing more water vapor into thestratosphere when temperatures are warmer. However, tropical tropopause temperatures hand overcooled slightly over the period of the stratospheric water vapor increase 10, 11. Other mechanismshave been proposed to explain the increase of the stratospheric water vapor occurred inthe second half of 20th century, but so far the driving causes of this increase are unknown.The upward trend of stratospheric water vapor decreased in the last half of the 1990s witha ne ar-zero trend between 1996 and 2000 12, 13. Furthermore, at the end of 2000 there wasa dramatic drop of about 10% of stratospheric water vapor 13. The trend analysis reportedin 14 extends until spring 2008 and it shows that a minimum was approximately reachedbetween 2004 and 2006 and an increase is observed afterwards.The drop in stratospheric water vapor that occurred at the end of 2000 is thought to haveslowed the rate of increase in global surface temperature over 2000-2009 by about 25% comparedto that which would have occurred due yet to carbon dioxide and other greenhousegases 4. On the other hand the increase in stratospheric water vapor occurred between 1980and 2000 would have enhanced the decadal rate of surface warming during the 1990s by about

Ethical Theories :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Ethical TheoriesHedonism and self-fulfillment atomic number 18 ethical theories that take roots in the works of Greek philosophers and that developed numerous branches throughout the human history. Hedonism is based on the recognition of merriment (or gratification) and avoidance of pain as an ultimate goal of any human being and frankincense establish a moral ground for ones acting in striving to be happy. In early stages, hedonism took individualistic forms of Cyrenaic and Epicurean theories. In order to lead a good life, the Cyrenaics propose to dynamicly seek intense momentary joyousness (of any duration) from our everyday life maintaining that pleasures of our senses and the body are preferable to pleasures derived from the mind. In contrast to Cyrenaics, the Epicurean theory denies active seeking of pleasure in favor of avoidance of pain (in fact, Epicurean view defines pleasure as avoidance of pain) and stresses the importance of long-run mental delight in life.While C yrenaics and Epicureans sought pleasure single for themselves exercising individualistic hedonism, Stuart Mills theory is an example of universalistic hedonism which takes into account not only the pleasure people mickle gain for themselves but also how those pleasure-seeking fulfils affect other individuals and hunting lodge in general and whose ultimate goal is to increase the bill of happiness for humankind as a whole. Specifically, Stuart Mill adhered to the theory of utilitarianism (a social hedonism) that states that moral actions are right if they produce the superior amount of happiness for the greatest number of persons. The significance of his work is in introduction of the qualitative aspect of pleasure into utilitarianism. check to Mill, there are diametrical kinds of pleasure and the more wanted of any two kinds is the one that is agreed to be more valuable or lovable for the majority of people who experienced both. The intellectual pleasure derived from art, music, and so on is considered to be higher than physical pleasure derived from sex, eating, etc. Based on the classification of different kinds of pleasure performed by experts the moral values of the society can be developed and then followed by everyone. To avoid immoral actions that can be confirm as means of maximizing happiness, Mill adheres to rule-utilitarian view which states that an action is right if it is based on a rule that maximizes happiness of the affected population as opposed to act-utilitarianism that evaluates the action itself. For example, a rule of helping others maximizes happiness in general so we should follow this rule.Ethical Theories Philosophy Philosophical EssaysEthical TheoriesHedonism and self-realization are ethical theories that take roots in the works of Greek philosophers and that developed many branches throughout the human history. Hedonism is based on the recognition of pleasure (or happiness) and avoidance of pain as an ultimate goal o f any human being and thus establish a moral ground for ones acting in striving to be happy. In early stages, hedonism took individualistic forms of Cyrenaic and Epicurean theories. In order to lead a good life, the Cyrenaics propose to actively seek intense momentary pleasure (of any duration) from our everyday life maintaining that pleasures of our senses and the body are preferable to pleasures derived from the mind. In contrast to Cyrenaics, the Epicurean theory denies active seeking of pleasure in favor of avoidance of pain (in fact, Epicurean view defines pleasure as avoidance of pain) and stresses the importance of long-run mental contentment in life.While Cyrenaics and Epicureans sought pleasure only for themselves exercising individualistic hedonism, Stuart Mills theory is an example of universalistic hedonism which takes into account not only the pleasure people can gain for themselves but also how those pleasure-seeking actions affect other individuals and society in gene ral and whose ultimate goal is to increase the amount of happiness for humankind as a whole. Specifically, Stuart Mill adhered to the theory of utilitarianism (a social hedonism) that states that moral actions are right if they produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of persons. The significance of his work is in introduction of the qualitative aspect of pleasure into utilitarianism. According to Mill, there are different kinds of pleasure and the more desirable of any two kinds is the one that is agreed to be more valuable or desirable for the majority of people who experienced both. The intellectual pleasure derived from art, music, etc. is considered to be higher than physical pleasure derived from sex, eating, etc. Based on the classification of different kinds of pleasure performed by experts the moral values of the society can be developed and then followed by everyone. To avoid immoral actions that can be justified as means of maximizing happiness, M ill adheres to rule-utilitarian view which states that an action is right if it is based on a rule that maximizes happiness of the affected population as opposed to act-utilitarianism that evaluates the action itself. For example, a rule of helping others maximizes happiness in general so we should follow this rule.

Theories of Aggression Essays -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Theories of Aggression Two Gunman at Colorado School Reportedly Kill Up to 23 Before Dying in a Siege. On Tuesday, April 20, 1999, two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, of Columbine High School, shocked the nation when they entered the school armed with guns and explosives, killing fellow students and a teacher before taking their own lives. Stories of random violence and aggression such as this all too often plague the media. While the attention of the nation has recently been focused on the Colorado slayings, history reveals countless other similar crimes of aggression targeted towards innocent individuals. In both Nazi Ger numerous and the more than recent Bosnia conflict, ethnic cleansing has been used to violently eliminate certain races. In the early 1990s, Timothy McVeghs vengeful intentions led him to use a machine bomb to kill hundreds of innocent people in the explosion of the Oklahoma City Federal Building. In these cases, the culprits were seemingly normal peopl e that displaced their aggression on innocent bystanders for a variety of reasons. What is the cause of this unleashed aggression toward society? How can we come to explain such acts of aggression and violence? Are they a impart of societal influences, or are some individuals biologically predisposed to crime? This paper attempts to analyze some of the prevailing theories of aggression. The theories can be classified into terzetto groups innate or biological theories, drive theories and social learning theories. In light of the evidence produced for each, it is my goal to formulate a conclusion about which finical theory seems most substantiated and reasonable. Sigmund Freud is well known as the father of psychoanalysis. In his early theory, Freud ass... ...h murders and violence, we must regard aggression as a summated response to many factors. Individually, the factors probably are harmless, but when united, they can be unleashed as aggression in which case terrible crimes tak e the lives of so many innocent people. entanglement Sources1)Freuds Theory http//home.fgi.net/freud/index.htm2)Freud Biography http//werple.net.au/gaffcam/phil/psych1.htm3)Instinct Theory http//www.student.richmond.edu/efecteau/instinct.html4)Aggression Theories http//rock.uwc.edu/psych/psy330/outlines/aggression.htm5)Theories of Aggression http//www.unn.ac.uk/academic/ss/psychology/resource/it/1/HAZ.HTM6) The Theoretical Development of Aggression http//academic.csub.edu/lvega/dustin2.html7) Aggression and Violence Examining the Theories http//www.nursing-standard.co.uk/vol12-27/research.htm

Ancient Calendars Essays -- essays research papers

Time KeepersCelestial bodies - the sun, moon, planets, and stars - open provided us a reference for measuring the conversion of time throughout human existence. antediluvian patriarch civilizations like China, India, Babylon, and Greece relied upon the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to record and determine seasons, months, and days. We know little about the lucubrate of time supportinging in prehistoric eras. However, records and artifacts usually unwrap that in every culture, people were preoccupied with measuring and recording the passage of time. Stonehenge, built over cd0 years agone in England has no written records, merely its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events, such as lunar eclipses, solstices and so on. As time has passed so has the phylogenesis of the calendar, a device created to track our time and seasons from the earliest recordings in Babylonia to the Gregorian calendar the history of this transformation is and interest journey.The earliest know calendar to keep track of the cycles of the celestial bodies was an Egyptian calendar that was based on the moons cycles and is thought to have been created in 4236 B.C.E. Many cultures and societies have embraced the idea of tracking time and seasons as they pass for a myriad of reasons, Seafarers needed to navigate their vessels, and farmers had to know when to plant their crops. (Chaisson / McMillan p.30) The Chinese are credited with having invented the imprimatur oldest method of time keeping emperor butterfly Huangdi implemented the Chinese legend in 2637 B.C.E. Babylonia (where modern day Iraq can be found) is attributed with having some of the earliest go records of astronomical observations. It is believed, Babylonian astronomical experience spread far and wide to the East, to Persia, and to the Mediterranean. (Richards p. 38) However, the knowledge that was disbursed was not treasured by all that receiv ed it, in the Mediterranean the Greeks improved upon the theories of the Babylonians. The Greeks theories were save however, when Rome over-took most of Europe the records fell into the hands of the Christian church. When Constantine was Emperor of Rome he declared Christianity to be the official religion of the empire thus, bighearted the church officials the power to decide the validity of the recordin... ...ius (1537-1612), he signed a papal bull and that was followed by, The actual tack over to the new calendar took base the following year on 4 October. After 350 years or more the reform had at lowest been accomplished. (Richards p.246) Furthermore the rule for rise years (which said that years divisible with 4 should be leap years) was changed so that years, at the end of the century, should be leap years only if they were divisible with 400 (e.g. 1600, 2000, 2400 etc.)In the Gregorian Calendar there is then 303 years with 365 days and 97 years with 366 days, which gives a call up year of 365.24250 days 365 days, 5 time of days, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. Related to the mean interval between vernal equinoxes this corresponds to a slippage of less than one hour in every 300 years for the foreseeable future - until circa 4000 AD.Chaisson, Eric and Steve McMillan. Astronomy Today. unfermented Jersey PrenticeHall, 1999.Evenson, A.E. About the History of the Calendar. Canada Regensteiner Publishing, 1972.Richards, E. G. Mapping Time, The Calendar and its History. New York Oxford University Press, 1998. Ancient Calendars Essays -- essays research papers Time KeepersCelestial bodies - the sun, moon, planets, and stars - have provided us a reference for measuring the passage of time throughout human existence. Ancient civilizations like China, India, Babylon, and Greece relied upon the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to record and determine seasons, months, and years. We know little about the details of timekeeping in pre historic eras. However, records and artifacts usually uncover that in every culture, people were preoccupied with measuring and recording the passage of time. Stonehenge, built over 4000 years ago in England has no written records, but its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events, such as lunar eclipses, solstices and so on. As time has passed so has the evolution of the calendar, a device created to track our time and seasons from the earliest recordings in Babylonia to the Gregorian calendar the history of this transformation is and interesting journey.The earliest know calendar to keep track of the cycles of the celestial bodies was an Egyptian calendar that was based on the moons cycles and is thought to have been created in 4236 B.C.E. Many cultures and societies have embraced the idea of tracking time and seasons as they pass for a myriad of reasons, Seafarers needed to navigate their vessels, and farmers had to know wh en to plant their crops. (Chaisson / McMillan p.30) The Chinese are credited with having invented the second oldest method of time keeping Emperor Huangdi implemented the Chinese legend in 2637 B.C.E. Babylonia (where modern day Iraq can be found) is attributed with having some of the earliest surviving records of astronomical observations. It is believed, Babylonian astronomical knowledge spread far and wide to the East, to Persia, and to the Mediterranean. (Richards p. 38) However, the knowledge that was disbursed was not treasured by all that received it, in the Mediterranean the Greeks improved upon the theories of the Babylonians. The Greeks theories were recorded however, when Rome over-took most of Europe the records fell into the hands of the Christian church. When Constantine was Emperor of Rome he declared Christianity to be the official religion of the empire thus, giving the church officials the power to decide the validity of the recordin... ...ius (1537-1612), he sig ned a papal bull and that was followed by, The actual change over to the new calendar took place the following year on 4 October. After 350 years or more the reform had at last been accomplished. (Richards p.246) Furthermore the rule for leap years (which said that years divisible with 4 should be leap years) was changed so that years, at the end of the century, should be leap years only if they were divisible with 400 (e.g. 1600, 2000, 2400 etc.)In the Gregorian Calendar there is then 303 years with 365 days and 97 years with 366 days, which gives a mean year of 365.24250 days 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. Related to the mean interval between vernal equinoxes this corresponds to a slippage of less than one hour in every 300 years for the foreseeable future - until circa 4000 AD.Chaisson, Eric and Steve McMillan. Astronomy Today. New Jersey PrenticeHall, 1999.Evenson, A.E. About the History of the Calendar. Canada Regensteiner Publishing, 1972.Richards, E. G. Mapping Time, The Calendar and its History. New York Oxford University Press, 1998.

Ancient Calendars Essays -- essays research papers

Time KeepersCelestial bodies - the sun, moon, planets, and stars - have provided us a reference for measuring the passage of prison term passim human existence. Ancient civilizations like China, India, Babylon, and Greece relied upon the patent motion of these bodies through the sky to record and determine seasons, months, and socio-economic classs. We jockey little about the details of measurekeeping in prehistorical eras. However, records and artifacts usually uncover that in each culture, people were preoccupied with measuring and recording the passage of time. Stonehenge, built over 4000 historic period ago in England has no written records, but its alignments show its purposes plainly included the determination of seasonal or aeriform events, such as lunar eclipses, solstices and so on. As time has passed so has the evolution of the calendar, a catch created to track our time and seasons from the earliest recordings in Babylonia to the Gregorian calendar the history of this transformation is and interesting journey.The earliest know calendar to keep track of the cycles of the celestial bodies was an Egyptian calendar that was based on the moons cycles and is thought to have been created in 4236 B.C.E. Many cultures and societies have embraced the idea of track time and seasons as they pass for a myriad of reasons, Sea furtherers needed to navigate their vessels, and farmers had to know when to plant their crops. (Chaisson / McMillan p.30) The Chinese are credited with having invented the second oldest method of time keeping Emperor Huangdi implemented the Chinese legend in 2637 B.C.E. Babylonia (where modern day Iraq can be found) is attributed with having some of the earliest surviving records of astronomical observations. It is believed, Babylonian astronomical knowledge spread far and wide to the East, to Persia, and to the Mediterranean. (Richards p. 38) However, the knowledge that was disbursed was not treasured by all that received it, in the Mediterranean the classicals improved upon the theories of the Babylonians. The Greeks theories were recorded however, when Rome over-took well-nigh of Europe the records fell into the hands of the Christian church. When Constantine was Emperor of Rome he declared Christianity to be the official faith of the empire thus, giving the church officials the forefinger to decide the validity of the recordin... ...ius (1537-1612), he signed a papal bull and that was followed by, The actual change over to the impertinent calendar took place the following year on 4 October. After 350 years or more the reform had at last been accomplished. (Richards p.246) Furthermore the predominate for leap years (which said that years divisible with 4 should be leap years) was changed so that years, at the end of the century, should be leap years barely if they were divisible with 400 (e.g. 1600, 2000, 2400 etc.)In the Gregorian Calendar there is then 303 years with 365 geezerhood and 97 y ears with 366 days, which gives a mean year of 365.24250 days 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. Related to the mean interval between vernal equinoxes this corresponds to a slippage of less than one hour in every 300 years for the foreseeable forthcoming - until circa 4000 AD.Chaisson, Eric and Steve McMillan. Astronomy Today. New Jersey PrenticeHall, 1999.Evenson, A.E. About the History of the Calendar. Canada Regensteiner Publishing, 1972.Richards, E. G. Mapping Time, The Calendar and its History. New York Oxford University Press, 1998. Ancient Calendars Essays -- essays look papers Time KeepersCelestial bodies - the sun, moon, planets, and stars - have provided us a reference for measuring the passage of time throughout human existence. Ancient civilizations like China, India, Babylon, and Greece relied upon the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to record and determine seasons, months, and years. We know little about the details of timek eeping in prehistoric eras. However, records and artifacts usually uncover that in every culture, people were preoccupied with measuring and recording the passage of time. Stonehenge, built over 4000 years ago in England has no written records, but its alignments show its purposes apparently included the determination of seasonal or celestial events, such as lunar eclipses, solstices and so on. As time has passed so has the evolution of the calendar, a device created to track our time and seasons from the earliest recordings in Babylonia to the Gregorian calendar the history of this transformation is and interesting journey.The earliest know calendar to keep track of the cycles of the celestial bodies was an Egyptian calendar that was based on the moons cycles and is thought to have been created in 4236 B.C.E. Many cultures and societies have embraced the idea of tracking time and seasons as they pass for a myriad of reasons, Seafarers needed to navigate their vessels, and farmers h ad to know when to plant their crops. (Chaisson / McMillan p.30) The Chinese are credited with having invented the second oldest method of time keeping Emperor Huangdi implemented the Chinese legend in 2637 B.C.E. Babylonia (where modern day Iraq can be found) is attributed with having some of the earliest surviving records of astronomical observations. It is believed, Babylonian astronomical knowledge spread far and wide to the East, to Persia, and to the Mediterranean. (Richards p. 38) However, the knowledge that was disbursed was not treasured by all that received it, in the Mediterranean the Greeks improved upon the theories of the Babylonians. The Greeks theories were recorded however, when Rome over-took most of Europe the records fell into the hands of the Christian church. When Constantine was Emperor of Rome he declared Christianity to be the official religion of the empire thus, giving the church officials the power to decide the validity of the recordin... ...ius (1537- 1612), he signed a papal bull and that was followed by, The actual change over to the new calendar took place the following year on 4 October. After 350 years or more the reform had at last been accomplished. (Richards p.246) Furthermore the rule for leap years (which said that years divisible with 4 should be leap years) was changed so that years, at the end of the century, should be leap years only if they were divisible with 400 (e.g. 1600, 2000, 2400 etc.)In the Gregorian Calendar there is then 303 years with 365 days and 97 years with 366 days, which gives a mean year of 365.24250 days 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. Related to the mean interval between vernal equinoxes this corresponds to a slippage of less than one hour in every 300 years for the foreseeable future - until circa 4000 AD.Chaisson, Eric and Steve McMillan. Astronomy Today. New Jersey PrenticeHall, 1999.Evenson, A.E. About the History of the Calendar. Canada Regensteiner Publishing, 1972.Richards, E. G. Mapping Time, The Calendar and its History. New York Oxford University Press, 1998.

Health Risk Assessment Bnt’s Story Essay

To blend with dignity should be a given. Death pull up stakes present itself to everyone eventu whollyy and presumably no one in their right mind would choose not to die with dignity. That being said why is it that so many concourse who would choose to die a good remnant are no every last(predicate)owed to. For some people no finale is a good death, entirely that is silly because as everyone knows death is inevitable. No one chiffonier escape this fact. The controversy herein lies within the circumstances people who are agony or lingering with a terminal illness that debilitates them such that they exact no quality of life are not afforded the comfort of dying with dignity.It seems that this high merit is usable to our belove pets, but not our beloved family members. Aunt Bessie is forced to endure unrelenting put out from here incurable pancreatic cancer. No amount of pain medication is available to treat her pain and allow her to maintain consciousness. She knows her time is limited and she does not feel she should have to wait out the inevitable in such a terrible state. At the same time the family pet Bassett hound is found to have a mass in her intestines. She cannot eat and barely moves as she is in so much pain.The veterinarian has given the option of putting her to sleep or euthanizing her to put her out of her misery as she is suffering so. This sits closely with around people. Aunt Bessie requesting euthanization though is out of the question. Why is the question that this paper will attempt to answer and why this is wrong will also be communicate? Euthanasia Defined Euthanasia can bring about different feelings to people depending on the context in which it is used. Mention that good old frank and it is good as they no longer suffering.Change the identity to a psyche and it is not so easily swallowed. No matter how it is interpreted the dead on target meaning of the act is the same in either circumstance. Originating from the Gree k terms eu (happy or good) and thanatos (death), mercy killing means literally happy death or good death. (Le Baron Jr. , 1999). Breaking that definition down even further is subdivisions in the definition are voluntary/involuntary and progressive/passive Voluntary mercy killing is a death performed by another with the consent of the somebody being killed.Non-voluntary euthanasia is the provision of euthanasia to an incompetent person according to a surrogates decision. Involuntary euthanasia is euthanasia performed without a competent persons consent. Passive euthanasia involves allowing a forbearing to die by removing her from artificial life support systems such as respirators and feeding tubes or simply discontinuing medical treatments necessary to sustain life. Active euthanasia, by contrast, involves positive steps to end the life of a patient, typically by lethal injection (Le Baron Jr. 1999) Euthanasia brings tranquility to death. In euthanasia the suffering prior to death is limited and death is entered more peacefully as opposed to lingering with pain and suffering.Presumably near people would hope to end their journey in life without pain and suffering. A more compassionate death is a more desirable death. However to know what euthanasia actually means requires more exploration into the depth of this term. Practical Problems Euthanasia can bring about bad feeling to some people. After all when the term is used it is in relationship to death.In our culture and to numerous people death or speaking about death is taboo. This is an unfortunate fact. What is most unfortunate is that death is inevitable and therefore discussion regarding it should be more open. Essentially the problem with euthanasia is this taboo associated with it. Ethically euthanasia is an appropriate and well warranted act of kindness and plowation. Support of euthanasia will be provided within the context of this paper, and the potential negative issues will also be brough t up. morality line of work For The ethical principles that can justify euthanasia are many.This is because the premise of euthanasia is found upon the idea of caring. This idea of caring is inherent to most care givers and is the reveal principle in euthanasia. Such acts of caring resonates through theses ethical principles and catworks Respect of persons, Virtue ethics, Utilitarian, Rights based ethics and ethics of caring. These frameworks or principles although many will all show supportive qualities for euthanasia. Respect of Persons In respect of persons the support of euthanasia is found in that the principle here is that individuals are afforded autonomy and able to serve their own decisions.When a person chooses not to suffer at the end of their life this is an autonomous decision. Respect for persons generally means respecting a clients autonomy (Ethical Principles, 2011). That person in the eyes of this principle is just in making that call. The respect of person p rinciple sustains this in its foundation. The principle of respect for persons affirms the primary importance of allowing individuals to exercise their moral right of self determination. To violate their ability to be self-determining is to treat them as less than persons. (Bennette-Woods, 2001). Therefore, this principle is consequently supportive of euthanasia when decided upon by an individual. Virtue Ethics With the act of euthanasia people are seeking the good by allowing a good death. Suffering is not permitted to go on until death. Rather death is allowed to happen prior to a lengthy battle with pain and suffering. Virtue ethics is doing good and for the right reason. Forcing people to live with pain and suffering would not be characterized as good. So presumably then allowing for euthanization is good.Because it is done in response to alleviate further pain or suffering it satisfies the right reason aspect. In another view the dying patient is taking a virtuous stance. Som e dying patients consider it virtuous to spare friends and family the ordeal of witnessing a slow process of degeneration (van Zyl, 2002, p. 19). This again satisfies the criteria for virtue ethics. Utilitarian In encompassing the utilitarian ethical frame work consideration must be made for the balance of the greatest good. Allowing a person to die a good death will set up the greatest happiness for both the person and for those remaining behind.Sure there will be unhappiness in that there is a loss with the person dying, but the greatest happiness will be in knowing that the person is no longer suffering and that the pain of their disease is not agonising them any longer. This satisfies part of the balance. The other part is on behalf of the individual who is suffering. There is much good in ending a life from pain and suffering. A good death is much more desirable then a death of unrelenting pain and suffering. Therefore the balance of the greater good is launch here and the u tilitarian frame work is established. Right Based EthicsThe right to die is an inevitable right. Advocates of euthanasia argue that people have a right to make their own decisions regarding death, and that euthanasia is intended to alleviate pain and suffering. (Nargus, 2012) It is of the belief of many that all people hold this one admittedly right. Dying is ultimate natural right. The patient has the right to make the decision about when and how they should die, based on the principles of autonomy and self-determination (Nargus, 2012). This alone substantiates the use of rights based ethics and upholds this as an ethical point for euthanasia.Ethics of Caring This is the final ethical stance that will be used to persuade the positive situation of euthanasia. To care is the essence of this ethical principle. To care would be to not allow suffering with pain at the end of life. Compassion is a must in the ethics of caring and allowing pain and suffering to continue cannot be constr ued as compassionate. The ethic of care demands that we maintain conditions under which caring can flourish. (Bennette-Woods, 2001) How fracture to show a sense of caring then by stopping suffering, stopping pain and allowing for a good death.Ethics of caring is the basis for most nursing philosophies and can be equated to most nursing principles. care is not just in the physical sense, but the emotional sense as well. Care is delivered when euthanasia is allowed. Ethics Argument Against The controversys proposing that euthanasia be allowed were provided and supported. Now a few counterarguments will be analyzed and provided. Kants original ethical framework intent was clearly against the use of euthanasia, but a newer vision of Kantian ethics could also be supportive of the act.However, the argument against it in this framework will be what is focused on. Nonmaleficence framework can also be argued against euthanasia. This theory bases itself on doing no harm and depending what is perceived as harm is how this argument can be made. Kantian Ethics A moral action is one that is performed solely for the purpose of meeting a moral obligation, and the action itself can nevertheless be judged moral in light of the intention behind it. If the intention produces death it cannot be a good intention. Death although now relieved of suffering is the outcome.With Kantian ethics the end event is not at question. The person no longer suffering perspective is not of any value. The point is euthanizing a person is morally wrong and the outcome (alleviating pain and suffering) has no bearing in the matter. This is why this argument was not used in the pros. The outcome has to matter. Nonmaleficence Ethics The principle of Nonmaleficence states that we should act in ways that do not inflict evil or cause harm to others. In particular, we should not cause avertible or intentional harm. (Bennette-Woods, 2001)While some people feel that causing an earlier death as with euthan asia is harmful not everyone shares this view. Professional organizations have invoked professional obligations as an argument against support and participation in assisted suicide and euthanasia. (Ersek, 2004) . For those that do this could certainly be understood as argument against euthanasia. However, for others the harm is noted in the continuance of a life of suffering. Catholic Moral Tradition Each valet life is considered sacred and deserving of a right to life.This is the position that the Catholic moral tradition stands behind. According to the Roman Catholic perspective, we are not obliged to ward off death at all costs, but we should not deliberately intervene to bring death about (Euthanasia a Catholic Perspective, 1987). The church goes on to say that the end of human life is not subject to a persons free judgment (Euthanasia a Catholic Perspective, 1987). This theory protests that as in birth death can only be implemented by God. However, even the church has come to make exceptions or loop holes that allows for euthanasia to happen. In the double launch principle medication can be given in large doses to relieve pain.The patient will succumb to death as a result of this medication, and that is ok. As long as the intention is to relieve pain, not cause death the Catholic moral traditions is receptive to this. It seems as if the church has struggle d with this issue in the past and the best that they can deliver is this double effect doctrine. (This was actually developed in the 15th century). . Final Justification A slow, painful, undignified death is a fate that most of us would not wish on our worst enemies (Dyer, 1999) yet this fate are often offered to people, loved ones and family members.This categorically should not be. Euthanasia theories have been presented and supported both for and against the act. What it comes down to is how individuals understand things. Some religious factions are adamant that this act is strictly forbidden. Thi s fountain does not share these views. There is no argument that it is wrong to kill someone. However, there has to be availabilities for exceptions. When an act is done for all the right reason it then becomes a just act. When a person is deemed terminal and is some way suffering then this would create such an except.This is only one of an dateless number of except possibilities. Each case presenting itself must be evaluated for its ethical morality. Evaluation can be accomplished by using the previous theories presented in favor of euthanasia. Should the case lend itself to these proposed theories then it is indeed a just act. Pets are not made to suffer a miserable final earthly concern (associated with the love of them) neither should people. Loved ones, family, friend or foe no one deserves to die suffering when a good death is an option.

Barriers in Classrom Communication Essay

1. Listening Barriers* Effective listening is one of the most important factors in classroom communication. Take the time to listen to what the other individual is saying. When someone is speaking, you should not be thinking of your next response. Negative emotions may occur when certain words or body language is used. A instructor must also take care to keep emotional reactions to a minimum and focus on what the speaker is saying. Outside noise such as telephones, email or construction noise can sometimes make listening difficult. This outside noise should be minimized in the classroom. intelligence Barriers* Perception may be a barrier to effective communication in the classroom. Different people may receive and hear the same message scarcely interpret it differently. Paying attention to detail is also important. Important aspects can be missed by not covering a subject in depth. A teacher should also learn to focus on both positive and negative aspects of a conversation. By hav ing a distorted focus, a teacher may only focus on the negative aspects of a conversation.* Sponsored Links* discourseDefine a clear and efficient media strategy with Capgemini Consulting www.capgemini-consulting.comOral Barriers* Communication barriers in the classroom may exist if oral communication is not clear. Communication only occurs when the listener hears and understands your message in the way you meant for it to be received. near enigmas in oral communications include using words with ambiguous meanings. The teacher must make sure the students clearly understand the meanings of words. Another problem in oral communications is using generalizations and stereotypes. Classroom communication should be specific to the topic and without bias. A teacher must also take tutelage not to make a premature conclusion before she has all the facts about a topic or situation. Finally, a teacher must scourge any lack of self-confidence and deliver the message with assertiveness and c larity.Cultural Barriers* Cultural differences can be a barrier to effective communications in the classroom. It is possible for both a teacher and a student to have predisposed ideas about behavior establish on what the other persons culture is. Messages are often misunderstood if they are delivered in a way that is unfamiliar to the students culture. It is important to dispel assumptions or biases based on cultural differences in a classroom .Sponsored LinksRead more Barriers to Effective Communication in the Classroom eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/list_7350208_barriers-effective-communication-classroom.htmlixzz2JLH5z6cY

Major Challenges Before Indian Economy Essay

This reporthas been an h mavinst and dedicated attempt to make the analysis on marketing material as received as it could. And I earnestly hope that it provides useful and workable information and knowledge to any person reading it. During this period, I had the pleasure of working well with accomplished organization people who sh ared with me their experience and helped me in completion of my research. I express my sincere thanks to my project guide Mr. Pranav Nagpurkar Lastly I am g assessful to my parents who been my mentors and motivators.I am also thankful to all my batch mates who have been directly or indirectly involved in successful completion of this project. Indian economy is the tenth largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product and third largest by purchasing power. India is one of the G-20 major economies and member of BRICS. According to IMF India ranked 134th by nominal gross domestic product on the basis of per capita income in 2012. Its GDP is a bout $1. 824 trillion and per capita income is about $1491. Its GDP contribution by sector wise is agriculture 17. %, industry 26. 4% and services 56. 4% in 2011. Its nation is about 1. 2 one million million and mash force is 498. 4 million in 2012. Labour force by occupation agriculture 52%, industry 14% and services 34%. Unemployement stray in India is 9. 9%. Its investment is about 30% of GDP. Revenue of India is $171. 5 billion and expenditure over $281 billion. It has shortage budget of 5. 6% of the GDP. Main industries are textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, and pharmaceuticals.Its export is about 309. 1 billion and import is about 500. 3 billion. The independence-era Indian economy (from 1947 to 1991) was based on a abstruse economy combining features of capitalism and socialism, resulting in an inward-looking, interventionist policies and import-substituting economy that failed to take a dvantage of the post-war expansion of trade. This model contributed to widespread inefficiencies and corruption, and the failings of this system were due largely to its poor implementation.In 1991, India adopted liberal and free-market oriented principles and liberalized its economy to international trade under the guidance of Manmohan Singh, who then was the Finance Minister of India under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao the then crown Minister who eliminated License Raj a pre- and post-British Era mechanism of strict government control on setting up new industry. By 2008, India had established itself as one of the worlds fastest growing economies. Growth significantly slowed to 6. % in 200809, but subsequently recovered to 7. 4% in 200910, while the pecuniary deficit rose from 5. 9% to a high 6. 5% during the same period. Indias current account deficit urged to 4. 1% of GDP during Q2 FY11 against 3. 2% the old quarter. Indias public debt stood at 68. 05% of GDP which is h ighest among the emerging economies. However, inflation remains stubbornly high with 7. 55% in August 2012, the highest amotrade (counting exports and imports) stands at $ 606. 7 billion and is currently the 9th largest in the world.During 201112, Indias foreign trade grew by an impressive 30. 6% to reach $ 792. 3 billion (Exports-38. 33% & Imports-61. 67%). India has the worlds third largest road network, covering to a greater extent than 4. 3 million kilometers and carrying 60% of freight and 87% of passenger traffic. Indian Railways is the fourth largest rail network in the world, with a track length of 114,500 kilometers. India has 13 major ports, handling a cargo volume of 850 million tonnes in 2010. India has a national teledensity rate of 74. 15% with 926. 3 million telephone subscribers, two-thirds of them in urban areas. But Internet use is rare, with around 13. 3 million broadband lines in India in celestial latitude 2011. However, this is growing and is expected to boom f ollowing the expansion of 3G. * Indias current account deficit- The deficit has increased to a record 5. 6 percent of GDP in 2011-12, far above what the Reserve Bank of India considers to be a sustainable level, namely 2. 5 percent of GDP.The key reason for the large current account deficit is the trade deficit increasing due to Indias relatively poor competitiveness and high dependence on oil and bills imports, which alone account for virtually half of total imports. Boosting merchandise exports through greater diversification across destinations and products are essential to bridge the trade deficit but this cannot be achieved without boosting labour productivity and enhancing transportation infrastructure, especially ports. With regards to gold, dematerialization, and introduction of inflation linked bonds would help reduce its physical imports of gold.Meanwhile, for oil, achieving greater readiness efficiency, positioning domestic oil prices to international ones are a key or to find out different alternative/ substitute for it. * Qualitative and quantitative monetary consolidation Together with the current account deficit, the stubbornly high fiscal deficit (5. 8 percent of GDP in 2011-12) makes the Indian economy more vulnerable to shocks than most emerging markets. Indias twin deficits have adversely affected macro stability by pushing up inflation, undermining growth and exit limited room for monetary accommodation.Indias fiscal policy has been too loose for too long. The government must focus on quality outgo by channeling resources towards infrastructure and human capital investments while reducing unproductive dismissing, originateicularly on food, fertilizer and fuel subsidies. Furthermore, the government must implement revenue enhancing reforms by making the tax system more efficient and improving compliance. * Lowering high and sticky inflation- Indias persistently high inflation is fallout of myriad factors that are both cyclical and st ructural in nature.These include tot side bottlenecks, very high reliance on imported energy and lax fiscal policy. While a loose fiscal policy has boosted aggregate demand, particularly across rural areas, an enabling environment to enhance supply response is missing, thus aggravating inflation pressures. Containing inflation near the RBIs comfort zone of 4 to 5 percent is crucial to avail sustainable growth. * Rebalancing the growth mix in favor of investment Indias GDP growth is mainly use of goods and services driven in good part due to consumption subsidies.Eliminating such subsidies will, thus, actually have three positive outcomes reducing the fiscal deficit as well as excessive consumption which should also help reignite a virtuous savings investment cycle. In fact, since the global financial crisis of 2008-09, Indias savings rate has declined (to near 29 percent from a peak of 37 percent in 2009) amid high inflation and fiscal slippages. Given that Indias investment uptu rn during the golden years amidst 2004-2008 was largely financed by domestic savings, a revival in Indias domestic savings is critical for aiding a sustainable upturn in investment.In this regard, the Indian government needs to im render further on reforms execution and policy clarity so as to underpin foreign investor confidence. * Manufacturing sector- Being a originally services driven economy, the share of manufacturing has been stagnant at a mere 16 percent of total GDP. Indias Asian peers, such as China, southeastward Korea and Taiwan, have immensely benefited from a strong manufacturing sector, which enables greater employment creation, attracts higher and stable foreign direct investment and bolsters infrastructure development.However, bottlenecks in land acquisition, obsolete labor laws, poor physical infrastructure, less favorable tax rules and tight regulations deter manufacturing sector growth in India. Reassuringly, the Indian government has approved a national manu facturing policy aimed to increase the manufacturings share in GDP from the current 16 to 22 percent in a decade and in turn create millions of jobs and add capacity to sustain the pace of economic growth. That said, effective implementation of such policy drive will clearly prove difficult given past records.Population- Indias population is about 1. 2 billion in 2012 which is a major challenge for the economy of India. For the developing countries wish well India, population explosion is a curse and is damaging to the development of the country and its society. The developing countries already facing a lack in their resources, and with the quick increasing population, the resources available per person are reduced further, leading to increased poverty, lack of food, malnutrition, and other large population-related problems.The literal meaning of population is the whole fig of people or inhabitants in a country or region , and the literal meaning of population explosion is a pyra miding of numbers of a biological population. As the number of people in a pyramid increases, so do the problems related to the increased population. The main factors alter the population change are the take rate, death rate and migration. The birth rate is the ratio between births and individuals in a specified population and time. The death rate is the ratio between the number of deaths and individuals in a specified population and time.Migration is the number of people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, belongings or locality. Immigration from the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Nepal is also one of the causes of increasing population in India. The Population density (people per sq. km) in India was last reported at 411. 89 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012 which is very high. Measures to overcome from it. For limiting the population increase and we have to spend money on controlling the birth rate.Some of the programs h ave been successful, and the rate of increase has also reduced, but has still to reach the sustainable rate. The major factors affecting the population increase of India are the rapidly increasing birth rate and decreasing death rates. We can follow strict birth control measures resembling China to decrease the birth rate, but we cannot go and decrease our technological advancements to decrease the death rate. Thus, our main emphasis falls on decreasing the birth rate. Several government-funded agencies like the Family Planning Association of India spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on promoting family planning.These organizations aim to promote family planning as a basic human right and the norm of a two-child family on a voluntary basis, to achieve a balance between the population size and resources, to prepare young people for responsible attitudes in human sexuality, and to provide education and services to all. The family planning methods provided by the family planning p rogram are vasectomy, tubectomy, IUD, conventional contraceptives(that is condoms, diaphragms, jelly/cream tubes, foam tables) and oral pills.In addition, induced abortion is available, free of charge, in institutions recognized by the government for this purpose. However, the success of the family planning program in India depends on several factors like literacy, morality and the region where the couple live. * Poverty- It is a situation in which a person is unable to get minimum basic necessities of life, i. e.. food, clothing and shelter for his or her living. In economic terms they are called poverty ridden and are people living below poverty line (BPL).MASS POVERTY When a large air division of the people in an economy is deprived of the basic necessities, that economy is said to be in mass poverty. Since it is the responsibility of the state to remove poverty, it has to take certain steps. -Developing an appropriate mechanism to identify the poverty ridden people. -Estimat e the total number of poverty-ridden persons with the help of that mechanism. In the first approach, expenditure incurred by a family on various items is used. In the second, the income earned by a family is used.

New Revelations of Pre-Columbian America

In his breakthrough record, 1491 New Revelations of the Americas earlier Columbus, Charles C. Mann changes fictions round the Pre-Columbian America into scientific facts that nobody would deny. The book is a raillery most the scientific humanity of inherent American life to begin with Columbus set foot in America. As it turns out, this view of reality based on scientific details is completely different from what we had previously panorama about Pre-Columbian America. The thesis of Manns book puritythorn be summed up in his feature words thusWhen I went to high school, in the 1970s, I was taught that Indians came to the Americasacross the Bering Strait about thirteen thousand years ago, that they lived for the most fiber insmall, isolated groups, and that they had so little impact on their environment that even aftermillennia of base the continents remained mostly baseless(prenominal)erness. Schools still impart thesame ideas today. unitary way to summarize the views of people like Erickson and Bale wouldbe to say that they regard this picture of Indian life as wrong in nigh every aspect. Indianswere here utmost longer than previously thought, these researchers believe, and in much greaternumbers. And they were so successful at imposing their entrust on the ornament that in 1492 Columbus set foot in a hemisphere thoroughly marked by humankind.After introducing the main thesis of his book that, in fact, Native Americans were far to a greater extent civilized than we had previously imagined Mann begins Part One Numbers from Nowhere by dealing with New England in the 1600s, and the myth that European technology was far superior to American Indian technologies. This myth was based on the fact that the Indians did non appreciate guns. However, the reality is that the Indian moccasins were far much wanton than the boots of the European and the canoes built by the Native Americans were speedier and more maneuverable than the small boats made by Europeans.Next, the author gets into a discussion about the reasons for the fall of the Inca pudding stone. During this discussion we make up ones mind that while the Europeans used metal to make tools, the Indians used it for tokens. Moreover, the Europeans had used horses while invading the Inca Empire, and the Indians did not name the technology to impulse the intruders on horses. Still, the Inca Empire collapsed mainly because of disease in addition to factionalism. There had been a civil war after the Native Americans had clashed with the Spanish. Smallpox and various early(a) epidemics were also amenable for the fall of the Inca Empire.The first part of Manns book also tackles the controversy surrounding the number of Native Americans in Pre-Columbian America. Scholars entertain dis representd on the creation of the Indians. Whereas Dobyns believed that there were around one hundred million Native Americans living beforehand the fall of the Inca Empire Henige argued that the population was much less. Yet, as Mann points out, there is well-nigh no evidence to suggest that the population of Native Americans was little.In addition to the above, the first part of the book deals with the Aztecs. According to scientific evidence, the Aztecs were more sophisticated than we had previously believed them to be. The Hellenic thinker-teacher model prevailed among them as tlamatini.Part Two Very Old Bones provides scientific evidence linked to the skeletons of Lagoa Santa that were found in Brazils caves to think that the Indians and the Siberians sh be common ancestry. Agriculture, too, is a focus of this part of Manns book. According to the author, the Indians began breeding maize right from scratch disposed(p) that the crop had no wild ancestor. With the development of maize, the Mesoamerican life was further advanced. The Olmec acculturation is mentioned as an example of the high culture that was promoted due to advancement in agriculture.Mann als o provides evidence that the Mesoamerican cultures made use of calendars, in addition to wheels. However, the wheels were used only for small toys. This is because the Mesoamericans were geographically isolated, and therefore did not have inlet to other peoples ideas on wheels.Part Three Landscape with Figures is where Mann brings all of his evidence together to conclude that there atomic number 18 things we have to learn from the Indians. He discusses the Maya, and points out that the civilization was active in transforming land. Additionally, the author describes the alone(predicate) use of fire by the Indians in this part of the book. Apparently, the Indians used fire to attain the plants as well as encourage the abundance of some animals.Mann points to the mistake of h elderlying racist views about the Indians in visualiseing their unique culture given that such views cloud our nakedness to reality. As a matter of fact, theIndians had reached their optimal level of environm ent. Before Christopher Columbus arrived on the continent, however, the Europeans had changed the landscape created by the Indians.AnalysisIndeed, Charles C. Mann is moderate in his belief that we have been together with fed in with the myth that the Native Americans were culturally backward. In point of fact, this myth does not surround the Indians alone. Rather, we are made to believe that all civilizations before the major ones as we know them the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Muslims, and the United States were culturally backward.We further tend to believe that it was almost impossible for the civilizations of emeritus to complete the kinds of amazing deeds that we perform today, with respect to our technology. And so, scholars struggled for a long time trying to understand how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids without our present technology. This struggle to understand was led by speculation.However, speculation is extra when scientific facts are before us. So, we a re aware that the ancient Egyptians had their own technology to build the pyramids. We do not understand the exact nature of that technology. We may only know from the evidence we have gathered thus far that some of the civilizations of old were far more sophisticated than we had previously imagined them to be. This is the case with the Indian civilization. Perhaps, this was also the case with the people of the Stone Age, who might have developed themselves in terms ofphilosophical persuasion if nothing else.The fact that we do not possess tomes written by people of the Stone Age or the Indians, does not necessarily lead us to the conclusion that the civilizations in question were less developed or evolved than we are. Rather, those civilizations used their intellectual capacity in a different way. Believers in the scriptures which recount the baloney of Adam and Eve would all agree that the essential human being has not changed through the ages. Based on this view, only that which civilizations focus upon in their own time is likely to vary from civilization to civilization, and the human being is the same as he was in the beginning, that is, a being that is curious and would like to search change.The main strengths of Manns book are its lucid language, and the vast amount of evidence collected by the author. Mann makes his book extremely interesting by addressing old myths, and describing the facts that must replace the myths. The book describes unique fruits, for example, that we had previously supposed to be wild. Even so, the unique fruits consumed by Indians were as nutritious as todays fruits. Mann describes interesting fruits with flavors like vanilla trash cream, for instance, and others that contained high levels of vitamin C and protein.The discussion that this book is made up of is very valuable in helping us understand faulty perceptions. According to the author, disposed the charged relations between white societies and native peoples, inquir y into Indian culture and history is inevitably contentious. To order it another way, white societies may have deliberately kept us away from understanding the significance of the Indian culture. I believe that this is untrue, given the white societies emphasis on knowledge. Moreover, I effrontery that the mention of racism should not have been a part of this book. After all, the book was published in a white society to uncover the reality ofthe Indian civilization. As a matter of fact, given the importance of the scientific evidence in the book, it is anticipate that this book will be studied in white societies for a long time to come.Works CitedMann, Charles C. 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York Vintage Books, 2006.New Revelations of Pre-Columbian AmericaIn his breakthrough book, 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Charles C. Mann changes myths about the Pre-Columbian America into scientific facts that nobody would deny. The book is a discussion about the scientific reality of Native American life before Columbus set foot in America. As it turns out, this view of reality based on scientific details is completely different from what we had previously thought about Pre-Columbian America. The thesis of Manns book may be summed up in his own words thusWhen I went to high school, in the 1970s, I was taught that Indians came to the Americasacross the Bering Strait about thirteen thousand yars ago, that they lived for the most part insmall, isolated groups, and that they had so little impact on their environment that even aftermillennia of habitation the continents remained mostly wilderness. Schools still impart thesame ideas today. One way to summarize the views of people like Erickson and Bale wouldbe to say that they regard this picture of Indian life as wrong in almost every aspect. Indianswere here far longer than previously thought, these researchers believe, and in much greaternumbers. And they were so succes sful at imposing their will on the landscape that in 1492Columbus set foot in a hemisphere thoroughly marked by humankind.NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAAfter introducing the main thesis of his book that, in fact, Native Americans were far more civilized than we had previously imagined Mann begins Part One Numbers from Nowhere by dealing with New England in the 1600s, and the myth that European technology was far superior to American Indian technologies. This myth was based on the fact that the Indians did not appreciate guns. However, the reality is that the Indian moccasins were far more comfortable than the boots of the European and the canoes built by the Native Americans were speedier and more maneuverable than the small boats made by Europeans.Next, the author gets into a discussion about the reasons for the fall of the Inca Empire. During this discussion we learn that while the Europeans used metal to make tools, the Indians used it for tokens. Moreover, the Europe ans had used horses while invading the Inca Empire, and the Indians did not have the technology to beat the intruders on horses. Still, the Inca Empire collapsed mainly because of disease in addition to factionalism. There had been a civil war after the Native Americans had clashed with the Spanish. Smallpox and various other epidemics were also responsible for the fall of the Inca Empire.The first part of Manns book also tackles the controversy surrounding the number of Native Americans in Pre-Columbian America. Scholars have disagreed on the population of the Indians. Whereas Dobyns believed that there were around one hundred million Native Americans living before the fall of the Inca Empire Henige argued that the population was much less. Yet, as Mann points out, there is virtually no evidence to suggest that the population of Native Americans was little.NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAIn addition to the above, the first part of the book deals with the Aztecs. According t o scientific evidence, the Aztecs were more sophisticated than we had previously believed them to be. The Greek thinker-teacher model prevailed among them as tlamatini.Part Two Very Old Bones provides scientific evidence linked to the skeletons of Lagoa Santa that were found in Brazils caves to conclude that the Indians and the Siberians share common ancestry. Agriculture, too, is a focus of this part of Manns book. According to the author, the Indians began breeding maize right from scratch given that the crop had no wild ancestor. With the development of maize, the Mesoamerican life was further advanced. The Olmec civilization is mentioned as an example of the high culture that was promoted due to advancement in agriculture.Mann also provides evidence that the Mesoamerican cultures made use of calendars, in addition to wheels. However, the wheels were used only for small toys. This is because the Mesoamericans were geographically isolated, and therefore did not have access to othe r peoples ideas on wheels.Part Three Landscape with Figures is where Mann brings all of his evidence together to conclude that there are things we have to learn from the Indians. He discusses the Maya, and points out that the civilization was active in transforming land. Additionally, the author describes the unique use of fire by the Indians in this part of the book. Apparently, the Indians used fire to benefit the plants as well as encourage the abundance of some animals.Mann points to the mistake of holding racist views about the Indians in understanding their unique culture given that such views cloud our receptiveness to reality. As a matter of fact, theNEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAIndians had reached their optimal level of environment. Before Christopher Columbus arrived on the continent, however, the Europeans had changed the landscape created by the Indians.AnalysisIndeed, Charles C. Mann is correct in his belief that we have been collectively fed in with the myth that the Native Americans were culturally backward. In point of fact, this myth does not surround the Indians alone. Rather, we are made to believe that all civilizations before the major ones as we know them the Egyptians, the Greeks, the Muslims, and the United States were culturally backward.We further tend to believe that it was almost impossible for the civilizations of old to perform the kinds of amazing deeds that we perform today, with respect to our technology. And so, scholars struggled for a long time trying to understand how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids without our present technology. This struggle to understand was led by speculation. However, speculation is unnecessary when scientific facts are before us. So, we are aware that the ancient Egyptians had their own technology to build the pyramids. We do not understand the exact nature of that technology. We may only know from the evidence we have gathered thus far that some of the civilizations of old were far more sophisticated than we had previously imagined them to be. This is the case with the Indian civilization. Perhaps, this was also the case with the people of the Stone Age, who might have developed themselves in terms ofNEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAphilosophical thinking if nothing else. The fact that we do not possess tomes written by people of the Stone Age or the Indians, does not necessarily lead us to the conclusion that the civilizations in question were less developed or evolved than we are. Rather, those civilizations used their intellectual capacity in a different way. Believers in the scriptures which recount the story of Adam and Eve would all agree that the essential human being has not changed through the ages. Based on this view, only that which civilizations focus upon in their own time is likely to vary from civilization to civilization, and the human being is the same as he was in the beginning, that is, a being that is curious and would like to s ee change.The main strengths of Manns book are its lucid language, and the vast amount of evidence collected by the author. Mann makes his book extremely interesting by addressing old myths, and describing the facts that must replace the myths. The book describes unique fruits, for example, that we had previously supposed to be wild. Even so, the unique fruits consumed by Indians were as nutritious as todays fruits. Mann describes interesting fruits with flavors like vanilla ice cream, for instance, and others that contained high levels of vitamin C and protein.The discussion that this book is made up of is very valuable in helping us understand faulty perceptions. According to the author, Given the charged relations between white societies and native peoples, inquiry into Indian culture and history is inevitably contentious. To put it another way, white societies may have deliberately kept us away from understanding the significance of the Indian culture. I believe that this is unt rue, given the white societies emphasis on knowledge. Moreover, I trust that the mention of racism should not have been a part of this book. After all, the book was published in a white society to uncover the reality ofNEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAthe Indian civilization. As a matter of fact, given the importance of the scientific evidence in the book, it is expected that this book will be studied in white societies for a long time to come.NEW REVELATIONS OF PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICAWorks CitedMann, Charles C. 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York Vintage Books, 2006.

HR Planning for British Airways Essay

Human Resources are one of the nigh important departments in any organisation. It plays a big role for the guild and influences every employee because it is responsible for managing employee costs. However, Human Resources Department also has responsibility for many other tasks including Recruitment and Selection, Training. The most important task that performed by HR Department is Workforce Planning. Basically, Workforce Planning is the impact when business needs to make sure that it recruits the right people. The recruitment and selection of best employees might be very hard.First of all, the company has to understand the importance of Human Resources Management and run across they spend enough ceiling on each employee. As many companies nowadays failed to do that and cant survive among its competitors. Human element is the key to say-so success and it is what the company should care the most about. If you have the right employees with right skills and they are well motivate d then they provide perform a good job and will bring the company more profit.British Airways is one of the leading global respiratory tracts that I have selected for this assignment. British Airways is sensible of the importance of Human Resource Management. Therefore, as the employer they are providing the professional environment for its employees where they can be treated with respect. British Airways also trains and motivates the employees by communicating ethical policies and socially responsible behaviour to them. It makes employees to give way more efficiently.There are many external and internal factors that can affect Human Resource Planning and that any organisation should be aware of. The main external factors that affect British airways are political, economic, proficient and social.The airline industry is highly bear upon by political factors. British Airways business performance and decisions are influenced by regulations and policies. Regulations can be such a s routes that an airline chooses to fly, the business partners the airline works with, the airport slots it uses as well as the fall it sets and the infrastructure costs it pays. Safety and security is another area that is highly regulated by governments. British Airways is engaging with different governing bodies such as European Union and national government to ensure safety and security while causing minimal inconvenience to customers.The airline business is highly erogenous to any economic downturn. There are a number of factors that affected the business of British Airways. For example, prices increases in oil and commodities. Consumer and business confidence on airlines declined because of arise unemployment, uncertainty in the capital markets, the erosion of household budgets and falling house prices. Therefore the customers are likely to cut its costs on holiday and airline tickets which means lower profits for the company.Social factors that affecting HR planning need to be taken in an account by British Airways. immediately passengers are choosing trusted airlines, First of all the fall in the economy is also pushing customers to seek for lower prices. With the developing of Internet and other technological advances it is easier for the customers to choose among different airlines and even get personal recommendations online, therefore the customers became less loyal.As every other company nowadays British Airways is also affected by technological factors. Maintaining a corporate website which handles customer queries and reservations is a new entreatment for the airlines. British Airways has managed with this task and also the company keeps regularly up to date with its competitors and technology world. Making customers experience more easier and faster British Airways also uses online self check in and self check in machines at the airports which makes the process much easier for its customers.Like many organizations today, British Airways fac e several environmental issues such as climate change. Governments and policy makers are now creating regulations and policies that will require airlines to curb emissions growth. All airlines have to meet a comprehensive range of local, national and international environmental regulationsAs well as there is a number of external factors affecting HR Planning, there are also internal policies and procedures impact HR activities. For example, if the company is committed to promoting from within, HR must ensure employees receive appropriate training and development to be ready for promotion when the time comes. HR should monitor the number of employees eligible for retirement and ensure potential replacements or other staff members are trained to avoid a sudden departure of business

Downsizing: Is less still more? Essay

Impacts of DownsizingIntroduction In a broad spectrum, managers and organization leaders should center their attention on ensuring human dignity and justices bit faced by downsizing needs. The process of selecting the employees to cut off should be ethical and legal. Otherwise, this can cause adverse implications to the employees and the organization at large (Cooper, Pandey & Quick, 2012). With prize to the case study provided, Teresa believes that the companys decision in regard to downsizing is illegal and unethical. Consequently, Teresa has not only the right or rather formula to object but also the ethical duty to object. In addition, she should not be prepared to loss her job at the expense of moral grounds. With love to her initiating a discussion of the same on a local internet discussion board can be termed as illegal. This is because legal mechanisms such as litigation have been put in place to allow employees who feel the process of downsizing was not ethical and leg al sue the company in a court of law (Cooper, Pandey & Quick, 2012). Evidently, venting her frustration on a local internet is absolutely illegal as this could have adverse impacts to the company and the employees left behind. This is simply because Teresa might give some inaccurate or rather misleading information about the company. The information she provides to the local internet discussion matters a lot as it can invoke diverse reactions by the employees who are left behind hence implicating to malfunctioning of the company. This can result to declining employees performance as they may feel that the company is not ensuring human dignity and justice and they may also think they are next to be selected for cut off.ReferenceCooper, C. L., Pandey, A., & Quick, J. C. (2012). Downsizing Is less still more?. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Source document

Shannon Liegh Wynne

Shannon Leigh Wynne Advanced Placement United States annals Mr. Ed Forte 1 December 2010 To the States Personal Reflections of an Historian by Stephen Ambrose vs. Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your the Statesn archives standard Got Wrong by throng W. Loewen Hi humbug can be interpreted in many contrastive ways, and has been, by many unlike people, who every last(predicate) have different views on politics and economics. Some occasions try to change the audiences opinions, some try to enhance them. Authors have different purposes for writing, different biases and ideas, different research and documentation as well.Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your the Statesn History Textbook Got Wrong by James W. Loewen and To America Personal Reflections by an Historian by Stephen Ambrose argon perfect examples of two very different books more or less essentially the same subject. While Loewen is a democrat, and Ambrose is a republican, not notwithstanding are their philosophies a nd ideas different, the authors present the ideas in totally different fashions and with different audiences in mind. James W. Loewen and Stephen E. Ambrose have two distinctively different writing styles, political preferences and purposes when writing.Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is democratic, liberal, and written in textbook style writing. In contrast, Stephen Ambroses book, America Personal Reflections by an Historian, is republican, buttoned-up and written with personal anecdotes and a warm tone, as if a grandfather was telling you the stories. In Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, Loewen presented a solidification of new, surprising, information on well known subjects.These new facts were supposed to sway the readers opinion on the subject beingness presented from what is popular to believe, to what is the factual truth. Loewen presented surprising facts about Helen Keller and her political preferences, Christopher Columbus and who actually discovered America, and how some textbooks are have hidden racism and antiracism within the book. America Personal Reflections by an Historian was written to comment on tale and certain events, and the authors experiences learning about them. Both books focus on certain events, or narrow subjects, but each chapter is a completely new subject.Ambrose interjects his personal experiences and opinions on subjects like Ulysses S. Grant and the Transcontinental Railroad, which the facts are supplied by the author himself, the authors mentors, and other famous texts and records. Most evidence for Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is found in documents such as publisher articles, from both current times and archived materials, as well as books. The information is documented in the back of the book in Notes by the author on with explanations for the use of some phrases and words.Loe wen uses many secondary sources, such as textbooks and analyses. Most evidence from America Personal Reflections by an Historian is also a grant of secondary sources, but many primary sources as well. Ambrose tells many personal anecdotes about the subject and many opinions and stories his mentors and professors shared with him. James Loewen and Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong have a completely different purpose than America Personal Reflections by an Historian, by Stephen Ambrose, but the two books have coincide documentation and research.Both America Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies my Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong are presented in a somewhat ordered manner, but in different ways. James W. Loewen wrote his book by focusing on one subject for an entire chapter and then moving on to the conterminous subject and another(prenominal) chapter. He had the subjects go in chronological order and includes many pictures, charts and graphs to help the reader, and are very well spaced and placed passim the book.There was no gap in any information in Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, but there was a plethora of repetition. Loewen to the highest degree went in circles, explaining the same thing over, and over, in slightly different ways each time he covered a subject. In contrast, Stephen Ambrose designed America Personal Reflections by an Historian to flow with the way his mind flowed from thought to thought. The chapters, which also focus on one subject per each chapter, but do not go in chronological order.For instance, one chapter is entitled Writing about Men in Action, 1992-2001 and a couple chapters after comes Womens Rights and immigration. Also, each chapter is not strictly about a historical subject, some focus on his personal life and experiences that have to do with report. Yet another chapter is titled Writing about Nixon which describes his time while he was researching and writing his biography about President Nixon. Stephen Ambrose wrote as thoughts entered his head, not in a timeline or anything, like a textbook.Ambrose does not use any visual helpers in America Personal Reflections by an Historian, but his words make up for the absence of pictures because he describes things so colorfully, energetically, and with great care and emotion. These two books are both well organized, but are very different in their organization and layout in general. The points of America Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong are almost as different as history reviews can get.Stephen Ambroses book was meant to explain historical figures and events and expand on the way Americans already feel on the subject. His object was not to diminish or change the readers view on the subject, like James Loewen did, only heighten it. James W. In th e chapter in America Personal Reflections by an Historian about President Ulysses S. Grant, he takes the good image of the war hero, and enhanced it, with unknown stories of his greatness.Loewens purpose when writing Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong was to change the readers opinion on the subject that he was talking about at the time. For example, most people hit Helen Keller as a hero or as very brave, because she overcame her disabilities to help others with the same disability to function in society. Loewen told the readers only a little about her accomplishments about that but spent the rest of the chapter telling all about her political views and career as a socialist and how she publically supported Russia in its new administration as a communist nation.Anyone who reads this book cannot help but feel cheated both my James Loewen for ruining a respectable range and role model, and at other historians and textbooks for not telling th e whole truth. He also tells the readers that Christopher Columbus was a thief and a bad person and that he doesnt deserve to be nationally celebrated. Both Helen Keller and Christopher Columbus are looked up to by many people, especially children, who are only at school to learn the alphabet and how to share, but Loewen is setting out to ruin all the little pilgrim and Christopher Columbus books for them, and he is okay with that.He wants the public to know the truth, and that is worth everything to him. America Personal Reflections by an Historian is mainly supporting Americas loved ones, and Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is shooting them down. in the lead his death in 2002, Stephen Ambrose was a famous biographer and historian. He was also a professor or taught at the University of New Orleans, Kansas State University, Johns Hopkins University, Rutgers University, U. C. Berkeley, and some European schools.He was mentored by some ver y famous older historians as well, though he always formed his own opinion on the subject he was being mentored on, even if he did not agree with his mentor. Ambrose was definitely a republican, and interjected his republican views during many parts of America Personal Reflections by an Historian, and he has also print biographies of Presidents Nixon and Eisenhower, as well as Emory Upton and Henry Halleck. James W. Loewen is very liberal, and it shows in Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong.James Loewen has a PHD in sociology from Harvard, co-authored a U. S. history textbook called Mississippi Conflict and Change , which won the Lillian Smith Award, and has also taught at The Catholic University of America, The University of Vermont, and Tougaloo College. When writing Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, Loewen studies and stayed at the Smithsonian Institution, where he formed his opinion that no textb ook makes history interesting or even documents it correctly.Loewen has written a total eight books, almost all of the same style writing liberal and decisive. The intended audience for both America Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong was a person or student with a general knowledge of history in general and a mainstream idea of many components and events, who is involuntary to learn and accept new facts about these components and events.The language is that of an educated adult or young adult, so that students and working people alike could understand and consociate to the book and author. Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong is more of a students book, because it focuses on how textbooks get history wrong, but adults are still attracted to the title and style of writing. America Personal Reflections by an Historian probably brings in more adult readers, because of the style of the writing, more of a story and personal reflections than plain facts.Overall, both books have tremendous value to any reader who is willing to learn, and is patient with the author. At some points in both America Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, the storyline got a little bit slow, which made it difficult to get through. These books could be recommended to high school students, adults and seniors they cover multiple generations of interest. There was always something new to learn, or a new way to think of or appreciate something with James W.Loewen and Stephen Ambrose. Reading these two books change a lot of thoughts on the main subjects brought up, and the main people analyzed. America Personal Reflections by an Historian and Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong makes a person wonder if It any leader or idol is a good leader, or role model, or icon, or if they are all really fake. It also makes a person wonder if there really is good and bad in the world, or if everything is grey, not just black and white.

Rehabilitation Paper Essay

As I am told to write this rehabilitation paper and to inverted comma a definition, I understand that rehabilitation basically is a word of hope in the captive life not only for prisoners but as well for the selected individuals that strive to sop up out prisoners better members of society. So, with that being said, my definition for rehabilitation is as follows the idea or concept of making a prisoner better. The mean of rehabilitation is almost with no form. Its supposed to correct or bring an end to criminals maltreat doing so that criminal offenders can emerge as useful members of society. The basic idea derived from the idea that a person who has been incarcerated give never want to be sent back to prison after they concord been set free. Well, as we can see that is not the case. Most prisoners go through these rehabilitation programs and are released and just as soon as they are released go back to the way they were before and pass criminal offenders and prisoners aga in. The origins of rehabilitation focused on forcing an inmate to consider both the error of his or her ways, the solemness of the crime committed, and why good conduct and further avoidance of crime would be beneficial. The initial origins of the pen were created by the Quakers, and reinforced by religious fervor for a black and white application of the law.What the Quakers believed in was penance, the suffering of punishment inducing the prisoner to express sorrow for his sins and to promise to do good to make up for his evil acts-social change based on the religious transformation that took place within the penitentiary. The penitentiary was a place for penitents to do penance. This was intended to take place in isolation, as one cogency meditate alone in ones room (Foster, 2006). Rehabilitation affects the prisoners as well as general society because its supposed to make prisoners more acceptable in society. These programs strive to make criminals better citizens with this be ing said, criminals as less likely to be an oppose threat to other citizens or members of the general society. I think that you can improve rehabilitation by starting rehabilitation as soon as a prisoners become a prisoner and making better choices on what types of programs that will help prisoners personally and individually. I think that rehabilitation can make a big deviation in prison as well as having prisoners go through rehabilitation when they are released too.ReferencesFoster, B. (2006) corrections The fundamentals. Upper Saddle River.NJ Prentice Hall.

Job Satisfaction in the Workplace Essay

Brent Meyers stated, as employees demand increases in salary, the cost of producing goods or services also increases. With the unemployment pose where it is to twenty-four hours and was, company owners can remain stagnant with his/her current work force as it pertains to absorb increases. I cogitate employees gain that finding employment in this economy can be daunting, and subscriber line owners atomic number 18 educated to these thoughts. A nonher element that plays into chew over satisfaction is guidance strategies and personal interaction mingled with managers and company personnel. I recently read an article about peeled managers and ten mistakes he/she whitethorn make.Management Top 10 New Manager Mistakes. In this article, John F. Reh points out ten vituperative mistakes new manager make. I recollect he is spot on due to shifts in management personnel here at Nypro, my current employer. The first mistake on Johns heel is thinking he/she knows everything. Most mana gers I need come across micromanage his/her team due to wish of trust and believing his/her knowledge is far superior to those working under them. This in turn leaves micro room for a team to develop because lack of communication is there amid parties.The second wind mistake new managers make is showing everyone whos in charge. With the shift in new management personnel, Im sure everyone knows who the new boss is. Pushing ones weight down around, and showing your egos true colors will only lead to resentment and distress to cooperate. This in-turn leads to employee dissatisfaction and most likely, a lack in quality produced products. Third on this list is smorgasbord everything. exhausting to re-invent the wheel will most likely lead to the dis foster of employees. Most muckle find it catchy to change with the sentences.Most feel comfortable by staying with routine and what he/she knows. Moving individuals out of his/her comfort zone can have a negative furbish up on p erformance. With that said though, sometimes change is necessary, con alignring that our economic system is financially unstable, which in turn is effecting the mode companies are doing condescension in this globalized duty world. This list does continues on with negatives that equal job satisfaction, exactly I would also like to take the time to point out the positive influences managers can have as well. Bauer, T. , & Erdogan, B.Organizational Behavior. chapter 12. Throughout this pedigree we have learned the behaviors of individuals in the work place, motivation, stress, communication, etc. Chapter 12, Leading People Within Organizations was an eye destroyer for me. Some of the most fundamental aspects of managing a team or company has been forgot in my eyes by most managers in this current job market. I believe today, employees are missing the People orientated leaders. By definition, People Orientated Leaders are those that show c erstwhilern for employee feelings a nd come up toing employees with respect and shape. Bauer & Erdogan pg. 290. ) Managers of today in my mind follow Theory X which states employees are lazy, do non enjoy working, and will avoid utiliseing energy on work whenever possible. ( Bauer & Erdogan pg. 291. ) I clearly stated earlier that companies are struggling to return to a high standing in profitability due to a failing economy. By saying this, managers need to find ways to free cuts and spending within an organization. So how do they go about making such cut? By having an assertive attitude and pointing the finger at employees.I dont believe theory X is completely wrong, some workers in our companies are indeed lazy and do not want to expend energy on task provided, but I think if the managers of today were bonnie as come to with his/her custody by being Open, Conscientious, Sociable, and Agreeable, as he/she is about profits and the stakeholders, the organizational surroundings may have a more fruitful existence along with a boost in productivity. Bauer, T. , & Erdogan pg. 286. Lisa M. Saari & Timothy a. Judge Case study Employee Attitudes And Job Satisfaction. s an analysis of threesome major gaps between HR practice and scientific research in the area of employee attitudes in common and the most focal employee attitude in particular- job satisfaction 1) the cause of employee attitudes, 2) the result of positive or negative job satisfaction, and 3) how to measure and influence employee attitudes. Saari & Judge Gap-1 The Cause of Employee Attitudes The first gap instructiones on employee personalities, ethnical influences, and work situation influences.A study on dispositional influences found that childhood temperament was statistically colligate to adult job satisfaction up to 40 years later. (Staw, Bell, & Clausen, 1986) Further studies have shown that job satisfaction stems from a individuals disposition or temperament. (Shane, & Herald, 1996) Despite the findings of these individuals Erez states that one of the limitations in this literature is that it is not yet informative as to how exactly dispositions affect job satisfaction. Erez, 1994) The researchers do say there is a correlation between job satisfaction, but know that organizations cannot directly impact employee personalities. So companies take different measures by placing employee into jobs that best suit him/her, and in-turn, alter employee attitudes. Cultural influences is another tempestuous topic in this globalized job market. With the United States being the melting pot of the world, cross cultural workforces are inevitable.A study performed by Hofstede stated that there are foursome cross-cultural dimensions, (1) Individualism- collectivism (2) skepticism avoidance versus risk taking (3) Power distance (4) masculinity/femininity. (Hofstede, 1980) The importance of HR to understand these four cross-cultural factors is detrimental to the adjustment of diffe rent cultural attitudes within an organization. Hofstede The last portions of gap-1 is Work Situation watch. This to me is one if not the most important factor of job satisfaction, is the nature of the work itself satisfying.Also, these surveys provide information that a company can use to pinpoint problem areas within the organization. Nypro uses such surveys via internet to retard employee job satisfaction, would you recommend a relative or friend to work at Nypro, and are you conform to with the work provided, question like that. This case study concludes its research with the view that more in-depth study is needful to measure the impact that employee attitudes have on an organization. Furthermore, this research will dive deeper into the understanding of relationships between employee attitudes and job performance.This in-turn will Assist HR professionals as they strive to enhance the essential throng side of the business in a highly competitive, global arena. Lisa M. Sa ari amp Timothy a. Judge I believe this case study pointed out some very strong facts that dictate a positive or negative attitude as it pertains to job satisfaction. Although the work performed was a focal point for this research and how it plays into a fruitful work environment. Managers attitude, friendship in the workplace, and economic stability, should have been focal points too of their research.I believe these three key factors play just as much a role in job satisfaction and employee attitudes as any other facet of a work environment. Understanding not just the employee and his/her personality, but the scope of the work environment, and management personnel that govern action among employees, will surely improve employee performance, attitude, and overall wellbeing of a companys workforce. In conclusion, I chose this topic out of the legion(predicate) provided because job satisfaction in the work place has become a sore subject to talk of among co-workers in recent years. Since I have been in the manufacturing industry, I have heard talk of the business not being what it used to be. Employees are dissatisfied with the way companies in the manufacturing sector of business treat their employees. People dont feel a sense of job security, are overworked, understaffed, and underpaid. In this declining economy, companies that once saw rising profits, now find themselves making cut anywhere they can. This of course will impact the companys workforce itself. My degree pertains to management, and although there is areas of the business that are hard to control at the time, price of natural resources, conomic stability of the firm, competitors prices, and wages for employees, does not mean that managers have to forget fundamental areas he/she can control, company functions for staff members, personal interaction with the workforce, and letters or emails of praise to employees. I understand the financial collapse of the economy in 2008-2009 hurt a lot of firms, and those firms are still regain from unethical acts performed by banks, wall street, and government personnel, but lets not forget that the way we treat our employees has a huge impact on, production, employee morals, customer satisfaction, and the firm itself.I hope to one day be in a management position so that I can make a difference in employees lives as it pertains to his/her work environment. I want to lend an ear, be open, be unresisting and assertive to get task done, and most importantly, understand that the backbone of the organization lies within a beaming and productive employee. During my journey through this course, Organizational Behavior, I have learned the importance of understanding people from the standpoint of work ethic, cultural differences, and how different personalities play into how a organization blends its population and functions as a team.Although the book covers managing and leading people within organizations, proper decision making skills, and t he political aspect of agency within companies. I believe an effective manager that is trying to create job satisfaction for his/her workforce needs personal people skill, and an understanding of cultural differences. I believe these fundamental characteristics, especially people skill, are sorely lacking in todays job market of managers.The main focus of most managers today seems to lie with the financial wellbeing of the company rather than having a balance between finances and employee welfare. This course has taught me how to interact with people on a professional level. Sure, I may not get along with everyone and may not have all the answers when I am a manager, but treating everyone with dignity and respect far outweighs ones ability to make the bottom line visualise good. Besides, without a mentally healthy workforce, profits and success could be far out